Wittgenstein's Attitudes

What's wrong with modalities in (Wittgenstein 1922)? In (Suszko 1968), the writer argued that "Wittgenstein was somewhat confused and wrong in certain points. For example, he did not see the clear-cut distinction between language (theory) and metalanguage (metatheory): a confusion between use and mention of expressions". Furthermore, a modal logic was proposed in (von Wright 1986) as depicting Wittgenstein's bipolarity thesis in a S5 frame. The aim of the present paper is to deal with the specific case of epistemic modal logic: such a logic of propositional attitudes assumes a philosophy of language that would violate Wittgenstein's two main assumptions

Embedded Attitudes

This paper presents a puzzle involving embedded attitude reports. We resolve the puzzle by arguing that attitude verbs take restricted readings: in some environments the denotation of attitude verbs can be restricted by a given proposition. For example, when these verbs are embedded in the consequent of a conditional, they can be restricted by the proposition expressed by the conditional’s antecedent. We formulate and motivate two conditions on the availability of verb restrictions: a constraint that ties the content of restrictions to the “dynamic effects” of sentential connectives and a constraint that limits the availability of restriction effects to present tense verbs with first-person subjects. However, we also present some cases that make trouble for these conditions, and outline some possible ways of modifying the view to account for the recalcitrant data. We conclude with a brief discussion of some of the connections between our semantics for attitude verbs and issues concerning epistemic modals and theories of knowledge

Chloé. Attitudes

Chloé. Attitudes is the very first exhibition dedicated to Chloé, a celebration of the Maison’s 60-year contribution to fashion culture. Since 1952, its legacy of luxury prêt-à-porter clothing has consistently defined how modern women live. This spectacular and groundbreaking exhibition offers a playful interpretation of the Chloé spirit that spans seven decades. Featuring signature pieces from each of Chloé’s nine key designers – from the Maison’s progressive founder Gaby Aghion, to its present creative director Clare Waight Keller – the show is neither nostalgic nor chronological. It takes a thematic path through the very best of Chloé’s creativity, pausing at key moments within its history. This approach paints a picture of Chloé that is both familiar and yet unexpected. Iconic looks are presented alongside lesser-known yet equally influential designs. Many of these were rediscovered during the creation of the new archive developed since Waight Keller’s arrival. Most importantly, these are on display to the public for the very first time. The exhibition is curated and designed by renowned exhibition-maker Judith Clark and staged in the newly refurbished galleries of Le Palais de Tokyo. The centre’s exhibition space was expanded from 8,000 to 22,000 square metres in 2012, making it one of the largest cultural institutions devoted to contemporary culture in Europe. Chloé. Attitudes has been invited by the president of the palais, Jean de Loisy to inaugurate a cycle of exhibitions entitled “Fashion Program”, organised by estimated curators, celebrating key moments or outstanding figures in fashion history. The Chloé exhibition is presented as part of the autumn 2012 season of the Palais de Tokyo “imagine the imaginary” which explores the artist’s creative process from thought to creation. This theme is at the very heart of the Chloé. Attitudes concept. The exhibition presents the way in which la Maison Chloé has created an identifiable aesthetic and allure that has influenced women’s fashion. It is this ceaseless renewal of the imaginary that transforms the sensitivity of an era. The exhibition: Focusing equally on Chloé’s key designers and the Maison’s enduring themes, garment groupings serve to underscore Gaby Aghion’s original vision for the brand. The show encapsulates Aghion’s ambition to create an informal, stylish wardrobe for women who were no longer constrained by haute couture and its indoor lifestyle. This philosophy culminated in her first informal fashion show at the Café de Flore on Paris’s Left Bank in 1956. Visitors to the exhibition are also invited to consider these radical ideas from the perspectives of the celebrated designers under Aghion’s art direction: Gérard Pipart, Maxime de La Falaise, Karl Lagerfeld, Martine Sitbon, Stella McCartney, Phoebe Philo, Hannah MacGibbon and Clare Waight Keller. Seventy pieces drawn from the Maison’s newly formed archive introduce surprising new chapters to the brand’s traditional narrative. While Chloé’s beloved chiffon daywear prompts fond memories of the brand in the 1970s, this association is challenged by the inclusion of bright, graphic prints from the 1960s, references to the Bauhaus and details that echo the work of Aubrey Beardsley; vibrant and tongue-incheek surrealist elements mark the 1980s. Never-before-published drawings dating from 1958– 85 and iconic fashion photography by image-makers including Helmut Newton, Guy Bourdin, Jeanloup Sieff, David Bailey and Deborah Turbeville offer additional contexts for the clothing and suggest alternative interpretations of the classic Chloé woman

Responsibility for Attitudes, Object-Given Reasons, and Blame

I argue that the problem of responsibility for attitudes is best understood as a puzzle about how we are responsible for responding to our object-given reasons for attitudes – i.e., how we are responsible for being (ir)rational. The problem can be solved, I propose, by understanding the normative force of reasons for attitudes in terms of blameworthiness. I present a puzzle about the existence of epistemic and mental blame which poses a challenge for the very idea of reasons for attitudes. We are left with three options: denying that there are any reasons for attitudes, opting for pragmatism about reasons for attitudes, or arguing that the challenge rests on a misunderstanding of the normative force of reasons for attitudes. I finally suggest a version of the last strategy. We can understand the normative force of reasons for attitudes, and thereby solve the problem of mental responsibility, by acknowledging that the way we blame each other for failing to respond correctly to our reasons for attitudes is different from the way we blame each other when one failed to respond correctly to reasons for action

Attitudes Toward Autism

Many studies have been conducted to observe the effect of contact on attitudes toward people with mental illnesses, but few studies have observed the effect of contact on attitudes toward individuals on the autism spectrum specifically. This study investigates the correlation between the amount of contact with an individual on the autism spectrum and attitudes toward individuals on the autism spectrum. In addition, this study attempts to prove that negative symptoms (such as not talking) encourage positive attitudes more than positive symptoms (such as fits of anger). Over a period of approximately 3 months, 218 Ball State University students were asked to complete an online survey which included several scales testing attitudes toward the autism spectrum. They also read vignettes displaying individuals on the autism spectrum with positive and negative symptoms in both a frustrating situation and an everyday social situation. They then completed more attitudinal questions based on the characters in the vignettes. Results showed a significant positive correlation between the amounts of contact a participant has had with an autistic individual and their willingness to spend time with them (social distance). Results also suggested that participants would be more willing to spend time with vignette subjects displaying negative symptoms rather than positive symptoms. The implications of these results and their applications to working with autistic individuals, as well as further possible research, are discussed

Rich Situated Attitudes

We outline a novel theory of natural language meaning, Rich Situated Semantics [RSS], on which the content of sentential utterances is semantically rich and informationally situated. In virtue of its situatedness, an utterance’s rich situated content varies with the informational situation of the cognitive agent interpreting the utterance. In virtue of its richness, this content contains information beyond the utterance’s lexically encoded information. The agent-dependence of rich situated content solves a number of problems in semantics and the philosophy of language (cf. [14, 20, 25]). In particular, since RSS varies the granularity of utterance contents with the interpreting agent’s informational situation, it solves the problem of finding suitably fine- or coarse-grained objects for the content of propositional attitudes. In virtue of this variation, a layman will reason with more propositions than an expert

Student\u27s Perception and Attitudes Toward Public Health Profession and National Competency Examination

One form of quality assurance is convening public health\u27s national competencies examination in academic phase which is conducted before students graduate from university. The purpose of this study was to determine students\u27s perceptions and attitudes about public health\u27s profession and national competencies examination. The design of this study was descriptive qualitative employed case study approach. Focus group discussion was used to collect data. Data were analyzed by content analysis. Students felt less confident about their identity profession so that requires motivation by lecturer. Students expressed the need to improve public health graduates\u27s competencies since academic phase. National competencies examination is important to do as a solution to guarantee the graduates\u27s quality. Implementation of the competencies test is need to consider aspects of management and technical readiness. National competencies examination is a tool that could proves the identity of public health graduates\u27s competencies. Everyone with a public health background should know that there will be a competency test then they should have an adequate preparation

Perceptions of sexist language and its relationship to attitudes toward women and social roles : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University

The language about women reflects the attitudes of men toward women and to the extent that women use them, the attitudes of women toward themselves. The relationship between language and the attitudes of those who use it is not one-way. Language reflects the attitudes of those who use it but it can also create and maintain attitudes and stereotypes. Hence the feminists' attack on the English language. The trend to using non-sexist language is a conscious effort to change our thought by changing our language. The present study investigated the existence of a relationship between attitudes toward women, social attitudes, and people's perceptions of sexist language for 151 participants. The sample included two student groups (internally enroled students and extramural students) and a non-student sample. The sample completed self-report questionnaires on their judgements of language as sexist, their perceptions of sexist language as a problem, and attitudes toward women and social issues. The findings demonstrated that there is a relationship between sexist language and the attitudes people espouse. Liberal social attitudes and liberal attitudes toward women and gender roles were found to correlate with easier recognition of linguistic sexism. Traditional attitudes toward gender roles and conservative social attitudes resulted in a failure to perceive gender-biased language as sexist

Online Video Contest Effects on Brand and Ad Attitudes

This research investigates how online video contests (OVCs) affect brand image, as measured by brand and advertisement attitudes. After conducting a pre-test to discover an appropriate product for the Generation Y target market, we ran an experiment examining OVCs, television, and magazine ad’s effects on multi-item measures of brand and advertisement attitudes. One hundred twenty-one subjects were randomly assigned to one of the three test conditions. The OVC significantly resulted in positive brand attitudes for the hedonic dimension such as feelings and attractiveness of the brand. For the more functional characteristics, OVCs did not influence brand attitudes. OVCs also produced positive advertising attitudes in terms of clarity, but other dimensions of advertising attitudes were unchanged. We also compared the OVC to the more traditional media of TV and magazines. OVCs produced more positive brand attitudes in terms of feelings than both TV and magazines. For the advertising attitude measure, OVCs produced significantly higher ratings than TV for feelings, attractiveness, and entertainment. There were no significant differences between OVCs and magazines for advertising attitudes. Our findings suggest that marketers can use OVCs effectively if the benefits of the product are hedonic in nature. Functional benefits may not prove as effective in enhancing OVC brand and ad attitudes. Marketers must determine their promotional goals before putting an OVC into practice

Sociodemographic, psychological and politicocultural correlates in Flemish students' attitudes towards French and English

An analysis of 100 Flemish high-school students' attitudes towards French and English (both foreign languages) revealed complex links etween personality factors, gender, politicocultural identity, communicative behaviour and foreign language attitudes. Attitudes towards English were found to be much more positive than those towards French, despite the fact that the participants had enjoyed a longer and more intense formal instruction in French (it being their second language). The independent variables were found to have stronger effects for French than for English, with the exception of politicocultural identity of the participant, which had a strong effect on attitudes towards French but not English. Overall, it seems that social factors, including exposure to the foreign languages, are linked with lowerlevel personality dimensions and thus shape attitudes towards these languages