Estudio teórico de las interacciones entre aniones y sistemas pi

S'ha descrit un nou tipus d'interacció no covalent entre molècules amb sistemes pi i anions. S'han emprat mètodes computacionals ab initio per estudiar complexos on l'ió es situa sobre un anell aromàtic. Aquests complexos anió-pi són governats per forces d'inducció (polarització) i electrostàtiques si el moment quadrupolar del compost aromàtic és significatiu. En els enllaços intermoleculars, la complexació amb anions representa un augment de la densitat electrònica i llur escurçament, i també un guany en l'aromaticitat, en contrast amb els complexos catió-pi. Els complexos ternaris anió-p-catió són molt favorables i la interacció és principalment electrostàtica. Un mateix anió pot establir múltiples interaccions amb diferents sistemes p, totes amb caràcter additiu. S'han trobat interaccions anió-p en estructures cristal·logràfiques que constitueixen evidències experimentals. Aquestes interaccions podràn ser usades en el disseny de receptors d'anions, així com també ajudar a resoldre efectes intermoleculars inexplicats fins avui.Se ha descrito un nuevo tipo de interacción no covalente entre moléculas con sistemas p y aniones. Se han utilizado métodos computacionales ab initio para estudiar complejos donde el ión se sitúa sobre un anillo aromático. Estos complejos anión-p están gobernados por fuerzas de inducción (polarización) y electrostáticas si el momento cuadrupolar del compuesto aromático es significativo. En los enlaces intermoleculares, la complejación con aniones representa un aumento de la densidad electrónica y su acortamiento, así como una ganancia en la aromaticidad, en contraste con los complejos catión-p. Los complejos ternarios anión-p-catión son muy favorables y la interacción es principalmente electrostática. Un mismo anión puede establecer múltiples interacciones con diferentes sistemas p, todas con carácter aditivo. Se han encontrado interacciones anión-p en estructuras cristalográficas que constituyen evidencias experimentales. Estas interacciones podrán ser usadas en el diseño de receptores de aniones, así como también ayudar a resolver efectos intermoleculares inexplicados hasta la fecha.A new type of non covalent interaction between molecules with pi systems and anions has been described. Ab initio computational methods have been used to study complexes where the anion is located over an aromatic ring. These anion-pi complexes are governed by induction (polarization) and electrostatic, if the quadrupolar moment of the aromatic ring is significant, forces. Regarding tje features of the aromitc ring, the anion complexation induces an increase in the electron density and a bond shortening, as well as a gain in the aromaticity, in contrast with cation-pi complexes. Ternary anion-pi-cation compexes are very favourables and the interaction is principally electrostatic. An anion can stablish multiple interactions with different pi systems, all of them additive in nature. Anion-pi interactions in crystallographic structures have been found, constituting experimental evidencies. These interactions could be used for the design of anion receptors and could help to solve inexplicable intermolecular effects to date

Separation Options for Phosphorylated Osteopontin from Transgenic Microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Correct folding and post-translational modifications are vital for therapeutic proteins to elicit their biological functions. Osteopontin (OPN), a bone regenerative protein present in a range of mammalian cells, is an acidic phosphoprotein with multiple potential phosphorylation sites. In this study, the ability of unicellular microalgae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, to produce phosphorylated recombinant OPN in its chloroplast is investigated. This study further explores the impact of phosphorylation and expression from a "plant-like" algae on separation of OPN. Chromatography resins ceramic hydroxyapatite (CHT) and Gallium-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ga-IMAC) were assessed for their binding specificity to phosphoproteins. Non-phosphorylated recombinant OPN expressed in E. coli was used to compare the specificity of interaction of the resins to phosphorylated OPN. We observed that CHT binds OPN by multimodal interactions and was better able to distinguish phosphorylated proteins in the presence of 250 mM NaCl. Ga-IMAC interaction with OPN was not selective to phosphorylation, irrespective of salt, as the resin bound OPN from both algal and bacterial sources. Anion exchange chromatography proved an efficient capture method to partially separate major phosphorylated host cell protein impurities such as Rubisco from OPN

Octahedral Tilt Instability of ReO_3-type Crystals

The octahedron tilt transitions of ABX_3 perovskite-structure materials lead to an anti-polar (or antiferroelectric) arrangement of dipoles, with the low temperature structure having six sublattices polarized along various crystallographic directions. It is shown that an important mechanism driving the transition is long range dipole-dipole forces acting on both displacive and induced parts of the anion dipole. This acts in concert with short range repulsion, allowing a gain of electrostatic (Madelung) energy, both dipole-dipole and charge-charge, because the unit cell shrinks when the hard ionic spheres of the rigid octahedron tilt out of linear alignment.Comment: 4 page with 3 figures included; new version updates references and clarifies the argument

Molecular Dynamics Study of Polarizable Ion Models for Molten AgBr

Three different polarizable ion models for molten AgBr have been studied by molecular dynamics simulations. The three models are based on a rigid ion model (RIM) with a pair potential of the type proposed by Vashishta and Rahman for alpha-AgI, to which the induced dipole polarization of the ions is added. In the first (PIM1), the dipole moments are only induced by the local electric field; while in the other two (PIM1s and PIM2s), a short-range overlap induced polarization opposes the electrically induced dipole moments. In the PIM1 and the PIM1s only the anions are assumed polarizable, while in the PIM2s both species are polarizable. Long molecular dynamics simulations show that the PIM2s is an unphysical model since, for some improbable but possible critical configurations, the ions become infinitely polarized. The results of using the PIM1, the PIM1s, as well as those of the simple RIM, have been compared for the static structure and ionic transport properties. The PIM1 reproduces the broad main peak of the total structure factor present in the neutron diffraction data, although the smoothed three-peak feature of this broad peak is slightly overestimated. The structural results for the PIM1s are intermediate between those for the RIM and the PIM1, but fail to reproduce the experimental features within the broad principal peak. Concerning the ionic transport properties, the value of the conductivity obtained using PIM1 is in good agreement with experimental values, while the self-diffusion coefficients and the conductivity for the PIM1s are lower than the corresponding values using the PIM1 and the RIM.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figure

Ga+, In+ and Tl+ Impurities in Alkali Halide Crystals: Distortion Trends

A computational study of the doping of alkali halide crystals (AX: A = Na, K; X = Cl, Br) by ns2 cations (Ga+, In+ and Tl+) is presented. Active clusters of increasing size (from 33 to 177 ions) are considered in order to deal with the large scale distortions induced by the substitutional impurities. Those clusters are embedded in accurate quantum environments representing the surrounding crystalline lattice. The convergence of the distortion results with the size of the active cluster is analyced for some selected impurity systems. The most important conclusion from this study is that distortions along the (100) and (110) crystallographic directions are not independent. Once a reliable cluster model is found, distortion trends as a function of impurity, alkali cation and halide anion are identified and discussed. These trends may be useful when analycing other cation impurities in similar host lattices.Comment: LaTeX file. 7 pages and 2 pictures. Accepted for publication in J. Chem. Phy

On the Role of Exchange Interaction in Magnetic Ordering and Conductivity of Manganites

A model of chemical bonding between ions in manganites involving covalent one-electron $\sigma$ bonding is suggested. The covalent one-electron $\sigma$ bonding gives rise to a strongly correlated state of electrons resulting from the exchange interaction between electrons when they are simultaneously at cation and anion orbitals. The manifestation of the correlatred state is the spin and spatial ordering of the electrons resulting in the formation of a spin- ordered electron lattice. The conductivity of manganites in this model is the consequence of displacement of the electron lattice (or its part) from one localization site to another and depends on the type of spin ordering of the electrons in the electron lattice and the localization energy determined by the energy of the one-electron $\sigma$ bond. The model also assumes a strong polarization of an anion by cations, which facilitates the 3s2p hybridization of the anion and transition of one of the pairs of 2p electrons from the singlet state into the triplet state. This transition leads to formation of the spin-polarized electron lattice (electron spins are parallel) and ferromagnetic ordering of manganese ions. In the model, the effect of colossal magnetoresistance is explained by a change of the conductivity mechanism on application of an external magnetic field, i.e., transition from the conductivity mechnism typical of an ionic crystal to the conductivity provided by the spin-polarized electron lattice.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, RevTex packag

Ordering phenomena in quasi one-dimensional organic conductors

Low-dimensional organic conductors could establish themselves as model systems for the investigation of the physics in reduced dimensions. In the metallic state of a one-dimensional solid, Fermi-liquid theory breaks down and spin and charge degrees of freedom become separated. But the metallic phase is not stable in one dimension: as the temperature is reduced, the electronic charge and spin tend to arrange themselves in an ordered fashion due to strong correlations. The competition of the different interactions is responsible for which broken-symmetry ground state is eventually realized in a specific compound and which drives the system towards an insulating state. Here we review the various ordering phenomena and how they can be identified by optic and magnetic measurements. While the final results might look very similar in the case of a charge density wave and a charge-ordered metal, for instance, the physical cause is completely different. When density waves form, a gap opens in the density of states at the Fermi energy due to nesting of the one-dimension Fermi surface sheets. When a one-dimensional metal becomes a charge-ordered Mott insulator, on the other hand, the short-range Coulomb repulsion localizes the charge on the lattice sites and even causes certain charge patterns. We try to point out the similarities and conceptional differences of these phenomena and give an example for each of them. Particular emphasis will be put on collective phenomena which are inherently present as soon as ordering breaks the symmetry of the system.Comment: Review article Naturwissenschaften 200

Intermolecular interactions in two (ferrocenylmethyl)benzimidazoles incorporating the 4-MeOC6H4 and 3,4-(MeO)2C6H3 groups: analysis of MeO--C--C distortions from ideal 120 degrees geometry.

The title compounds, 1-ferrocenylmethyl-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole,[Fe(C5H5)(C20H17N2O)], (I), and 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-ferrocenylmethyl-1H-benzimidazole, [Fe(C5H5)(C21H19N2O2)], (II), are model electroactive compounds for anion sensor and antimalarial applications. Distortions from the ideal 120 angle about the MeO--C--C groups are evident, with angles of 115.1(2) and 125.0(2) in (I), and 115.9(2) and 124.6(2), and 115.7(2) and 125.1(2) in (II). The main intermolecular hydrogen bonds in (I) comprise C--H...N and C--H...pi(C5H5) interactions, while in (II), only weak C--H...(imidazole) and C--H...pi(arene) interactions are present

Charge ordering and antiferromagnetic exchange in layered molecular crystals of the theta type

We consider the electronic properties of layered molecular crystals of the type theta-D$_2$A, where A is an anion and D is a donor molecule such as BEDT-TTF [where BEDT-TTF is bis-(ethylenedithia-tetrathiafulvalene)] which is arranged in the theta type pattern within the layers. We argue that the simplest strongly correlated electron model that can describe the rich phase diagram of these materials is the extended Hubbard model on the square lattice at a quarter filling. In the limit where the Coulomb repulsion on a single site is large, the nearest-neighbour Coulomb repulsion, V, plays a crucial role. When V is much larger than the intermolecular hopping integral t the ground state is an insulator with charge ordering. In this phase antiferromagnetism arises due to a novel fourth-order superexchange process around a plaquette on the square lattice. We argue that the charge ordered phase is destroyed below a critical non-zero value V, of the order of t. Slave boson theory is used to explicitly demonstrate this for the SU(N) generalisation of the model, in the large N limit. We also discuss the relevance of the model to the all-organic family beta''-(BEDT-TTF)$_2$SF$_5$YSO$_3$ where Y = CH$_2$CF$_2$, CH$_2$, CHF.Comment: 15 pages, 6 eps figure