WAx: an integrated conceptual framework for the analysis of cyber-socio-technical systems

Modern work domains are constituted by an intertwined set of social and technical actors with different, often conflicting, functional purposes. These agents act jointly to ensure system's functioning under both expected and unexpected working conditions. Considering the increasing digitalization and automation of work processes, socio-technical systems are progressively including interconnected cyber technical artefacts, thus becoming cyber-socio-technical systems (CSTSs). Adopting a natural science perspective, this paper aims to explore knowledge creation and knowledge conversion within CSTSs, as rooted in an in-depth analysis of work practices and work contexts. The paper proposes a conceptual framework which unveils the relationships between different work representations, i.e. relying on Work-As-Imagined, Work-As-Done, Work-As-Disclosed, Work-As-Observed, intended as knowledge entities generated by different agents, i.e. sharp-end operators, blunt-end operators, and analysts. The recursive and fractal nature of the proposed WAx (Work-As-x) framework ensures its adaptability for different granularity levels of analysis, fostering the understanding, modeling, and analysis of work practices, while abandoning reductionist and over-simplistic approaches

A viable systems approach towards cyber situational awareness

There is a gap in the ability to gain sufficient Situational Awareness (SA) of the cyber domain at the strategic level, leading nations and organisations to rapidly develop this capability. Through various cyber strategies, nations are seeking to encourage multi-organisation collaboration and information infrastructures between government, military, critical national infrastructure and engaging with the public and private sectors to secure cyberspace and its dependencies. This paper discusses the benefits of a systems approach to the complex sociotechnical problem of collaboration towards a cyber defence capability, and how challenges can be managed through the perspective of a viable system. The Viable Systems Model (VSM) provides a perspective for understanding system behaviour and anticipating, planning, and implementing large scale organisational change. The output from focus group sessions with stakeholders across national infrastructure, are placed in context to the VSM to provide a framework to better understand the challenges from the cyber domain, points of intervention, and requirements for a viable collaborative cyber defence system. Without a holistic, efficient information infrastructure supporting a cyber SA capability, the ability for a whole system response to take a proactive posture to threats or put in place effective mitigation and resilience measures is severely reduced, leading to even greater vulnerability. Relevance to industry This paper presents the outputs from a number of focus groups with stakeholders drawn from national infrastructure and business sectors, that are place within the context of the VSM. The VSM is presented as a framework to identify requirements and intervention points for future research towards a collaborative information system architecture.</p