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    Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks: A Survey from an Application Perspective

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    Underwater acoustic communications are different from terrestrial radio communications; acoustic channel is asymmetric and has large and variable endā€toā€end propagation delays, distanceā€dependent limited bandwidth, high bit error rates, and multiā€path fading. Besides, nodesā€™ mobility and limited battery power also cause problems for networking protocol design. Among them, routing in underwater acoustic networks is a challenging task, and many protocols have been proposed. In this chapter, we first classify the routing protocols according to application scenarios, which are classified according to the number of sinks that an underwater acoustic sensor network (UASN) may use, namely singleā€sink, multiā€sink, and noā€sink. We review some typical routing strategies proposed for these application scenarios, such as crossā€layer and reinforcement learning as well as opportunistic routing. Finally, some remaining key issues are highlighted
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