Feasible Offset and Optimal Offset for Single-Layer Channel Routing

The paper provides an efficient method to find all feasible offsets for a given separation in a VLSI channel routing problem in one layer. The prior literature considers this task only for problems with no single-sided nets. When single-sided nets are included, the worst-case solution time increases from Theta(n) to Omega(n^2), where n is the number of nets. But, if the number of columns c is O(n), one can solve the problem in time O(n^{1.5}lg n ), which improves upon a `naive\u27 O(cn) approach. As a corollary of this result, the same time bound suffices to find the optimal offset (the one that minimizes separation). Better running times are obtained when there are no two-sided nets or all single-sided nets are on one side to the channel. The authors also give improvements upon the naive approach for c≠O(n), including an algorithm with running time independent of c

A complete design path for the layout of flexible macros

XIV+172hlm.;24c

Groundwater flow and radionuclide transport in fault zones in granitic rock

Fault zones are potential paths for release of radioactive nuclides from radioactive-waste repositories in granitic rock. This research considers detailed maps of en echelon fault zones at two sites in southern Sweden, as a basis for analyses of how their internal geometry can influence groundwater flow and transport of radioactive nuclides. Fracture intensity within these zones is anisotropic and correlated over scales of several meters along strike, corresponding to the length and spacing of the en echelon steps. Flow modeling indicates these properties lead to correlation of zone transmissivity over similar scales. Intensity of fractures in the damage zone adjoining en echelon segments decreases exponentially with distance. These fractures are linked to en echelon segments as a hierarchical pattern of branches. Echelon steps also show a hierarchical internal structure. These traits suggest a fractal increase in the amount of pore volume that solute can access by diffusive mass transfer, with increasing distance from en echelon segments. Consequences may include tailing of solute breakthrough curves, similar to that observed in underground tracer experiments at one of the mapping sites. The implications of echelon-zone architecture are evaluated by numerical simulation of flow and solute transport in 2-D network models, including deterministic models based directly on mapping data, and a statistical model. The simulations account for advection, diffusion-controlled mixing across streamlines within fractures and at intersections, and diffusion into both stagnant branch fractures and macroscopically unfractured matrix. The simulations show that secondary fractures contribute to retardation of solute, although their net effect is sensitive to assumptions regarding heterogeneity of transmissivity and transport aperture. Detailed results provide insight into the function of secondary fractures as an immobile domain affecting mass transfer on time scales relevant to field characterization and repository safety assessment. In practical terms, secondary fractures in these en echelon zones are not indicated to limit release of radiation to the surface environment, to a degree that is significant for improving repository safety. Thus en echelon zones are to be regarded as detrimental geologic features, with potentially complex transport behavior which should be considered in the interpretation of in-situ experiments

Graduate School: Course Decriptions, 1972-73

Official publication of Cornell University V.64 1972/7

Management, Technology and Learning for Individuals, Organisations and Society in Turbulent Environments

This book presents the collection of fifty two papers which were presented on the First International Conference on BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY ’08 - Management, Technology and Learning for Individuals, Organisations and Society in Turbulent Environments, held in Ofir, Portugal, from 25th to 27th of June, 2008. The main motive of the meeting was the growing awareness of the importance of the sustainability issue. This importance had emerged from the growing uncertainty of the market behaviour that leads to the characterization of the market, i.e. environment, as turbulent. Actually, the characterization of the environment as uncertain and turbulent reflects the fact that the traditional technocratic and/or socio-technical approaches cannot effectively and efficiently lead with the present situation. In other words, the rise of the sustainability issue means the quest for new instruments to deal with uncertainty and/or turbulence. The sustainability issue has a complex nature and solutions are sought in a wide range of domains and instruments to achieve and manage it. The domains range from environmental sustainability (referring to natural environment) through organisational and business sustainability towards social sustainability. Concerning the instruments for sustainability, they range from traditional engineering and management methodologies towards “soft” instruments such as knowledge, learning, creativity. The papers in this book address virtually whole sustainability problems space in a greater or lesser extent. However, although the uncertainty and/or turbulence, or in other words the dynamic properties, come from coupling of management, technology, learning, individuals, organisations and society, meaning that everything is at the same time effect and cause, we wanted to put the emphasis on business with the intention to address primarily the companies and their businesses. From this reason, the main title of the book is “Business Sustainability” but with the approach of coupling Management, Technology and Learning for individuals, organisations and society in Turbulent Environments. Concerning the First International Conference on BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY, its particularity was that it had served primarily as a learning environment in which the papers published in this book were the ground for further individual and collective growth in understanding and perception of sustainability and capacity for building new instruments for business sustainability. In that respect, the methodology of the conference work was basically dialogical, meaning promoting dialog on the papers, but also including formal paper presentations. In this way, the conference presented a rich space for satisfying different authors’ and participants’ needs. Additionally, promoting the widest and global learning environment and participativeness, the Conference Organisation provided the broadcasting over Internet of the Conference sessions, dialogical and formal presentations, for all authors’ and participants’ institutions, as an innovative Conference feature. In these terms, this book could also be understood as a complementary instrument to the Conference authors’ and participants’, but also to the wider readerships’ interested in the sustainability issues. The book brought together 97 authors from 10 countries, namely from Australia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Sweden and United Kingdom. The authors “ranged” from senior and renowned scientists to young researchers providing a rich and learning environment. At the end, the editors hope and would like that this book will be useful, meeting the expectation of the authors and wider readership and serving for enhancing the individual and collective learning, and to incentive further scientific development and creation of new papers. Also, the editors would use this opportunity to announce the intention to continue with new editions of the conference and subsequent editions of accompanying books on the subject of BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY, the second of which is planned for year 2011.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Integrated seismic and structural interpretation of reactivated fault systems in sedimentary basins

This thesis investigates the impact of tectonic shortening on the reactivation and growth histories of normal fault systems from the Espírito Santo Basin (SE Brazil), Broad Fourteens Basin (Southern North Sea) and Nankai accretionary prism (SE Japan). In the Espírito Santo Basin, 3D seismic data were used to assess the impact of tectonic rafting, and associated gravitational instability of the continental slope, on the geometry and reactivation histories of faults formed above rollover anticlines. The data showed that the complex fault geometries observed above rollover anticlines are primarily due to three distinct stages of downslope gravitational instability of tectonic rafts. Stage 1 (post-Albian to Coniacian) caused the supra-salt strata to fragment into discrete blocks of strata (rafts) separated by large listric (roller) faults and associated wide rollover anticlines in their hanging-walls. In stage 2 (Early Santonian), the continued evacuation of salt from upper-slope regions to the base of the continental slope promoted the progressive downslope translation of rafted strata and triggered the reactivation of rollover faults in the form of crestal fault systems associated with local extensional collapse. Stage 3 (Middle/Late Eocene) caused tectonic rafts to be translated downslope until salt welds were formed and post-salt strata became grounded over pre-salt successions. The grounding (welding) of tectonic rafts over the pre-salt successions was progressive and accompanied by moderate translation of blocks during the Cenozoic. Differences in the degree of downslope translation of un-welded rafts further enhanced the reactivation of rollover faults, a phenomenon that promoted the migration of hydrocarbons from welded sub-salt source units into supra-salt reservoirs. As a corollary, this Chapter shows that tectonically generated pulses of compression and uplift, commonly related to the Andean Orogeny, are not the only mechanisms deforming post-salt overburden units in proximal extensional dominated regions of the southeast Brazilian margin. In fact, the close control of tectonic rafts gravitational instability induced a continuum of overburden deformation and contributed significantly to shaping the supra-salt overburden in the Espírito Santo Basin. In the Broad Fourteens Basin, 3D seismic and borehole datasets were used to investigate the effect of lithological variations on fault-throw distribution and segmentation, as well as on the geometry and reactivation histories of faults developed due to tectonic inversion. It was shown that the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene tectonic inversion affecting the Broad Fourteens Basin induced a continuum of deformation and contributed significantly to the formation and subsequent reactivation of Late Mesozoic faults. Late Cretaceous inversion (i.e., the Sub-Hercynian inversion episode) led to the formation of broad anticlines associated with normal faults in Upper Mesozoic strata. The progressive bending and stretching of outer-arc Mesozoic strata during the Early Paleocene inversion episode (i.e., Laramide episode) reactivated the older Sub-Hercynian faults. In a last stage, the Pyrenean (Oligocene) and Savian (Miocene) inversion episodes reactivated some of these faults upward into Tertiary strata. Offshore Nankai (SE Japan), 3D pre-stack depth migrated seismic data were used to analyse the geometry and growth of shallow faults associated with tectonic shortening in prominent thrust anticlines. These thrust anticlines show a trenchward increase in horizontal shortening and deform the seafloor at present in response to plate subduction off Nankai. It was shown that the presence of closely spaced vertically segmented fault arrays at shallow stratigraphic levels - with relatively small local throw maxima - relate to the existence of more incompetent (soft) intervals blanketing the Nankai accretionary prism. These shallow fault geometries accommodate a significant part of the bending and stretching strain occurring during the development of thrust anticlines and subsequent local stress redistribution during seismic events. The anomalous vertical fault throw distributions documented in the three study areas in this thesis are inconsistent with models of fault growth by uniform slip distribution and radial tip-line propagation. It is concluded that fault reactivation and growth by segment dip-linkages characterised the evolution and growth of all the faults interpreted in the three study areas. Where two separate faults with local throw maxima propagate towards each other and linked in throw-minimum in the throw-depth (T-Z) profiles. Fault segments with local throw maxima in the throw-depth (T-Z) profiles are early-stage fault segments and represent regions where faults localise first in competent intervals. Each segment of these early-stage faults propagates outwards until they encounter other fault strands and link together. Linkage points are located where local throw minima are recorded in less competent intervals. Consequently, the propagation of slip from fault segments (with local throw maxima) in the competent intervals into the incompetent intervals resulted into vertically segmented fault arrays. Vertical fault segmentation increases the chances of strata compartmentalisation and localised fluid flow through fault linkages, at the same time presenting significant risks when injecting CO2 in subsurface traps

Impact of geogenic degassing on C-isotopic composition of dissolved carbon in karst systems of Greece

The Earth C-cycle is complex, where endogenic and exogenic sources are interconnected, operating in a multiple spatial and temporal scale (Lee et al., 2019). Non-volcanic CO2 degassing from active tectonic structures is one of the less defined components of this cycle (Frondini et al., 2019). Carbon mass-balance (Chiodini et al., 2000) is a useful tool to quantify the geogenic carbon output from regional karst hydrosystems. This approach has been demonstrated for central Italy and may be valid also for Greece, due to the similar geodynamic settings. Deep degassing in Greece has been ascertained mainly at hydrothermal and volcanic areas, but the impact of geogenic CO2 released by active tectonic areas has not yet been quantified. The main aim of this research is to investigate the possible deep degassing through the big karst aquifers of Greece. Since 2016, 156 karst springs were sampled along most of the Greek territory. To discriminate the sources of carbon, the analysis of the isotopic composition of carbon was carried out. δ13CTDIC values vary from -16.61 to -0.91‰ and can be subdivided into two groups characterized by (a) low δ13CTDIC, and (b) intermediate to high δ13CTDIC with a threshold value of -6.55‰. The composition of the first group can be related to the mixing of organic-derived CO2 and the dissolution of marine carbonates. Springs of the second group, mostly located close to Quaternary volcanic areas, are linked to possible carbon input from deep sources