4 research outputs found

    Intra Coding Strategy for Video Error Resiliency: Behavioral Analysis

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    One challenge in video transmission is to deal with packet loss. Since the compressed video streams are sensitive to data loss, the error resiliency of the encoded video becomes important. When video data is lost and retransmission is not possible, the missed data should be concealed. But loss concealment causes distortion in the lossy frame which also propagates into the next frames even if their data are received correctly. One promising solution to mitigate this error propagation is intra coding. There are three approaches for intra coding: intra coding of a number of blocks selected randomly or regularly, intra coding of some specific blocks selected by an appropriate cost function, or intra coding of a whole frame. But Intra coding reduces the compression ratio; therefore, there exists a trade-off between bitrate and error resiliency achieved by intra coding. In this paper, we study and show the best strategy for getting the best rate-distortion performance. Considering the error propagation, an objective function is formulated, and with some approximations, this objective function is simplified and solved. The solution demonstrates that periodical I-frame coding is preferred over coding only a number of blocks as intra mode in P-frames. Through examination of various test sequences, it is shown that the best intra frame period depends on the coding bitrate as well as the packet loss rate. We then propose a scheme to estimate this period from curve fitting of the experimental results, and show that our proposed scheme outperforms other methods of intra coding especially for higher loss rates and coding bitrates

    Fading ์ฑ„๋„์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ•๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 2. ์ฑ„์ˆ˜์ต.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ bit error rate๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๋ฌด์„ ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ „์†ก ๋„์ค‘ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์†์ƒ๋œ packet์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณต์›์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์€๋‹‰ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding) ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” HEVC์—์„œ slice body์— ๋‚ด์žฅ๋œ ๋ชจ์…˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ slice header๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ, error correct ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์…˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์ •๋ณด์— ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋  ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์ค„์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ slice์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹น slice ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ slice๋ฅผ k๊ฐœ์˜ sub-slice๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•œ ํ›„, ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ตญํ•œํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ sub-slice ์•ˆ์—์„œ CTU ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐ ์€๋‹‰ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ SAO bin๋ถ€ํ„ฐ terminating bin ์ „๊นŒ์ง€์˜ bin ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ modulo-k๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฐ’์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์€ HEVC test sequence ClassB (BasketballDrive, BQTerrace, Cactus, Kimono, ParkScene)์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์••์ถ•๋ฅ  10:1๊ณผ 100:1 (QP 17, 37), Low delay-B ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, HM-SCM ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ, ํ™”๋ฉด์—์„œ CTU ํ•œ ์ค„์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ slice๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, sub-slice ๋ถ„ํ•  ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ modulo์˜ ์ „์†ก์€ ๋ชจ์…˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ protection์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์••์ถ•๋ฅ  10:1, 64x64 CTU๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ slice ๋‹น ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 0.0023๊ฐœ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ชจ์…˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ protectํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์€๋‹‰๋„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ํ™”์งˆ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•˜๊ณ , 0.0023๊ฐœ์—์„œ 0.01๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” sub-slice ๋ถ„ํ•  ์—†์ด modulo-4ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. Slice ๋‹น ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 0.02๊ฐœ์—์„œ 0.1๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” slice๋ฅผ 5๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•˜๋ฉฐ modulo-8์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, 0.2๊ฐœ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” slice๋ฅผ 5๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•˜๊ณ  modulo-16ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ํ™”์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2 1.2.1 ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๋ณต์› ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 2 1.2.2 ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์€๋‹‰ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 3 1.3 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ Wireless Network 6 2.1 Wireless Network ์ฑ„๋„๊ณผ Fading ํ˜„์ƒ 6 2.2 Packet์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ Packet Loss 7 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๋ชจ์…˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์ •๋ณด์˜ Protection 10 3.1 Exponential-Golomb ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹ 10 3.2 Parity bit์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 11 3.3 ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹ 12 3.4 ๋ชจ์…˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์€๋‹‰ 13 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๋ณต์› ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 15 4.1 Sub-slice ๋ถ„ํ•  15 4.1.1 Error Localization 15 4.1.2 Sync marker ๊ตฌํ˜„ 16 4.1.3 Emulation Prevention bit ๊ตฌํ˜„ 18 4.2 CTU ๋‹จ์œ„ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์€๋‹‰ ๋ฐ ๋ณต์› 19 4.2.1 CTU ๋‚ด bin ์ˆ˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ 19 4.2.2 CTU ๋‹จ์œ„ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์€๋‹‰ 20 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 22 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  42Maste

    Block based SNR-scalable coding for deep fading channels

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 8. ์ฑ„์ˆ˜์ต.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด multiple-layer SNR-scalable coding์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฌด์„ ํ†ต์‹ ๋ง์—์„œ fading ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฑ„๋„ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋Š๊น€ ์—†์ด ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ video encoding์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ multi-layer SNR-scalable coding ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋ธ”๋ก๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก HEVC ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ์ˆ˜์ • ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ H/W๊ตฌํ˜„์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์— ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ๋Š” fading ์ฑ„๋„ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ(ํ‰๊ท  SNR๊ณผ line-of-sight(K) ๋น„์ค‘, maximum Doppler shift)๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ๋Š” level cross rate(LCR), average fade duration(AFD), average inter-fade duration(AIFD)๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ์ฑ„๋„์˜ SNR ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„์— ๋งค packet๋งˆ๋‹ค feedback ๋ฐ›์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ตฌํ˜„์€ picture ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ MCS ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฑ„๋„ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ slice, picture, 2-GOP ๋‹จ์œ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ coding layer ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , decoding distortion ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ cost์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ layer๋ณ„ ํ‰๊ท  target bitrate์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Coding layer ์ˆ˜๋Š” 2-GOP ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ fading์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํšŸ์ˆ˜์™€ fading depth๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฑ„๋„ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ํ›„, ์ด์ „ 2-GOP ๋‹จ์œ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์†ก layer ์ˆ˜ (K)์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ’์— ์ด ์ถ”์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Picture ๋‹จ์œ„ bit allocation์—์„œ๋Š” decoding distortion ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ cost๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ bit allocation์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด layer๋ณ„ target rate๋ฅผ ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ „์†ก layer ์ˆ˜ K๋Š” ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ layer๋ณ„ bitrate์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ ์ฑ„๋„ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๊ฐ’์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ๊ฐ layer๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ด์šฉํ•œ MCS code rate์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’์ธ 13/16๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด ๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” layer๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „์†กํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์—๋Š” 2์ดˆ ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์˜ Ricean ์ฑ„๋„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ์†ก์‹ ๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋‹จ์ด 2m ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋‹จ์ด ์†ก์‹ ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1m/s๋กœ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, 1์ดˆ์—์„œ 1.5์ดˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์— Ricean factor ๊ฐ’์ด 0.1์ธ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์€ coding layer ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ 4๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , bit์„ layer๋ณ„๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ• ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ anchor๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ Y-PSNR์€ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์‹คํ—˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ํ‰๊ท  0.768dB ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 3 1.3 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 4 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ Rate control ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ IEEE 802.11ad ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ์„ค๋ช… 5 2.1 Rate control ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 5 2.1.1 ๊ธฐ์กด HM์˜ rate control ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 6 2.1.1.1 Picture / CTU bit allocation 7 2.1.1.2 ฮป estimation 9 2.1.1.3 QP refinement 11 2.1.2 ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” rate control ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 12 2.1.2.1 ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” picture bit allocation 12 2.1.2.2 ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ˆ„์  rate model 12 2.2 IEEE 802.11ad ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ์„ค๋ช… 19 2.2.1 Preamble 20 2.2.2 Header / Data 20 2.2.3 Low Density Parity Check(LDPC) 23 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ SNR-scalable coding ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์„ค๋ช… 24 3.1 ๋ธ”๋ก(CTU) ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋™์ž‘ 25 3.2 Prediction ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ fast ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 25 3.3 Layer selector๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ bitstream์—์„œ์˜ layer ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 27 3.4 Decoding ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ error concealment ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 28 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ Wireless ์ฑ„๋„ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ชจ๋ธ 30 4.1 Fading ์ฑ„๋„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ feedback ์ฑ„๋„ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ถ”์ • 31 4.2 Slice/picture ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ picture/2-GOP ๋‹จ์œ„ ์ฑ„๋„ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ถ”์ • 36 4.3 SNR๊ณผ packet error rate์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 37 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ Layer ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ layer๋ณ„ bit allocation 38 5.1 k-GOP ๋‹จ์œ„ ํ‰๊ท  layer bit ํ• ๋‹น๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ layer ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • 38 5.2 Picture ๋‹จ์œ„ layer๋ณ„ bit ํ• ๋‹น 40 5.3 Picture ๋‹จ์œ„ ์ „์†ก layer ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • 43 5.4 Slice ๋‹จ์œ„ layer๋ณ„ bit ํ• ๋‹น 45 5.5 MCS index ๊ฒฐ์ • 47 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ Fading channel ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 48 6.1 ์ฑ„๋„ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ถ”์ • ๊ด€๋ จ ์‹คํ—˜ 48 6.1.1 Fading channel ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 48 6.1.2 ์ฑ„๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ธก์ • 54 6.1.3 Regression์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ฑ„๋„ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ถ”์ • 56 6.2 Layer ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฐ layer๋ณ„ bit allocation ๊ด€๋ จ ์‹คํ—˜ 60 6.2.1 Coding layer ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ „์†ก layer ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋น„๊ต 60 6.2.2 Allocation์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 63 ์ œ 7 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  67Maste

    Error resilience and concealment techniques for high-efficiency video coding

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    This thesis investigates the problem of robust coding and error concealment in High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). After a review of the current state of the art, a simulation study about error robustness, revealed that the HEVC has weak protection against network losses with significant impact on video quality degradation. Based on this evidence, the first contribution of this work is a new method to reduce the temporal dependencies between motion vectors, by improving the decoded video quality without compromising the compression efficiency. The second contribution of this thesis is a two-stage approach for reducing the mismatch of temporal predictions in case of video streams received with errors or lost data. At the encoding stage, the reference pictures are dynamically distributed based on a constrained Lagrangian rate-distortion optimization to reduce the number of predictions from a single reference. At the streaming stage, a prioritization algorithm, based on spatial dependencies, selects a reduced set of motion vectors to be transmitted, as side information, to reduce mismatched motion predictions at the decoder. The problem of error concealment-aware video coding is also investigated to enhance the overall error robustness. A new approach based on scalable coding and optimally error concealment selection is proposed, where the optimal error concealment modes are found by simulating transmission losses, followed by a saliency-weighted optimisation. Moreover, recovery residual information is encoded using a rate-controlled enhancement layer. Both are transmitted to the decoder to be used in case of data loss. Finally, an adaptive error resilience scheme is proposed to dynamically predict the video stream that achieves the highest decoded quality for a particular loss case. A neural network selects among the various video streams, encoded with different levels of compression efficiency and error protection, based on information from the video signal, the coded stream and the transmission network. Overall, the new robust video coding methods investigated in this thesis yield consistent quality gains in comparison with other existing methods and also the ones implemented in the HEVC reference software. Furthermore, the trade-off between coding efficiency and error robustness is also better in the proposed methods
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