High Gain UWB Antenna Element Design for Cognitive Radio Systems using Low Cost FR4 Substrate

In cognitive radio (CR) and Ultra Wideband (UWB) communication systems, one of the keys issues is designing a compact antenna while providing wideband characteristic over the entire operating band. In these systems, printed wide slot antennas have received much attention owing to their wideband matching characteristics and omnidirectional radiation patterns. In addition they present really appealing physical features, such as simple structure, small size and low cost. In this paper, a small antenna with circular radiating patch and defected ground structure for UWB applications is proposed. The proposed antenna provides a wideband frequency range from 1.17 GHz to more than 12 GHz. But, its maximum allowable gain is low and equals . In order to increase the antenna gain while maintaining the same impedance matching characteristics, a plane reflector is placed beneath the antenna at a specific distance . The plane reflector reflects the backward radiated power again towards the antenna to be constructively added to the forward radiated power. In this case, the modified antenna radiated power is significantly increased and the maximum allowable antenna gain is also increased up to  which is  times greater than the gain of the antenna without reflector.  In addition, the modified antenna exhibits  to  radiation efficiency over the operating frequency range. Good return loss and radiation pattern characteristics are obtained in the frequency band of interest. The antenna is designed using the CST Microwave Studio software using low cost FR4 (lossy) substrate with and . Simulated and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effective performance of the proposed antenna

A Reconfigurable Triple-Notch-Band Antenna Integrated with Defected Microstrip Structure Band-Stop Filter for Ultra-Wideband Cognitive Radio Applications

A printed reconfigurable ultra-wideband (UWB) monopole antenna with triple narrow band-notched characteristics is proposed for cognitive radio applications in this paper. The triple narrow band-notched frequencies are obtained using a defected microstrip structure (DMS) band stop filter (BSF) embedded in the microstrip feed line and an inverted π-shaped slot etched in the rectangular radiation patch, respectively. Reconfigurable characteristics of the proposed cognitive radio antenna (CRA) are achieved by means of four ideal switches integrated on the DMS-BSF and the inverted π-shaped slot. The proposed UWB CRA can work at eight modes by controlling switches ON and OFF. Moreover, impedance bandwidth, design procedures, and radiation patterns are presented for analysis and explanation of this antenna. The designed antenna operates over the frequency band between 3.1 GHz and 14 GHz (bandwidth of 127.5%), with three notched bands from 4.2 GHz to 6.2 GHz (38.5%), 6.6 GHz to 7.0 GHz (6%), and 12.2 GHz to 14 GHz (13.7%). The antenna is successfully simulated, fabricated, and measured. The results show that it has wide impedance bandwidth, multimodes characteristics, stable gain, and omnidirectional radiation patterns