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    ํŽ™์ธํ™€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ž์œ ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํผ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋„ ์—๋Ÿฌ ์ธก์ • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 8. ๊น€์ข…์›.ํŽ™์ธํ™€(Peg-In-Hole) ์ž‘์—…์€ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์ž‘์—… ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ์ž‘์—…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งˆํ•œ ์œ„์น˜ ์—๋Ÿฌ์—๋„ ๋ผ์ž„ ํ˜„์ƒ(Jamming ๋˜๋Š” Wedging)์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์ค‘์— ํŒŒ์†์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์กฐ๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ ฌ์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ํŽ™์ธํ™€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŽ™์ธํ™€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •๋ ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ˆ˜๋™์  ๋˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. RCC(Remote Center Compliance)๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ธ ์ •๋ ฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ปดํ”Œ๋ผ์ด์–ธ์Šค์™€ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์˜ ํŠน์ • ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ธ ์ •๋ ฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋น„์ „์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ ฅ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •๋ ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋™์  ์ •๋ ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ธก์ •์ด๋‚˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์˜ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„(Chamfer) ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ํŽ™์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์–ด ์ ์šฉ์ด ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„์ „์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ •๋ ฌ๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ ์šฉ์ด ์ œํ•œ์ ์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ์„ค์น˜ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธก์ • ์ •ํ™•๋„์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ํŽ™์ธํ™€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์ž์œ ๋„์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํผ, ๊ฐ๋„ ์—๋Ÿฌ ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ •๋œ ํž˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ์—๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๋‹จ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ฐ ํ˜•์ƒ์˜ ํŽ™์ธํ™€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฆ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์น˜ ์—๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด์ • ์ž‘์—… ์‹œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ์กฐ์ • ์ž‘์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, 4 ์ž์œ ๋„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํผ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ๋ ๋‹จ์—๋Š” 6์ถ• ํž˜ ์„ผ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์žฌ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐ˜๋ ฅ ์ธก์ •์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋ด‡์˜ ์†๋ชฉ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ํž˜ ์„ผ์„œ์™€ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ํŒ”์˜ ์ž์œ ๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๋‹ค์ž์œ ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํผ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŽ™์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํŽ™์˜ ์–‘ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋ ฅ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ํŽ™์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ €์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„์น˜์—๋Ÿฌ ๋„์ถœ์— ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2 ์ž์œ ๋„์˜ ์ง๊ต ๋กœ๋ด‡๊ณผ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ผ์„œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒฌ์‹คํ•œ ๊ฐ๋„ ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ(Scanner)๊ฐ€ ํŽ™๊ณผ ํ™€ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ๋„ ์—๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ™๊ณผ ํ™€ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ„์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋ฐ˜๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ ๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํž˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๋Ÿฌ ์ถ”์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ๋„ ์—๋Ÿฌ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ณด์ •์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์ƒ์˜ ํŽ™ ์ธ ํ™€ ์ž‘์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”, ํŽ™๊ณผ ํ™€ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฃ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ง€์ง€ ๋ฉด์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด 5๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ์ ‘์ด‰ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๋„ ์—๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ ‘์ด‰ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ 2๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์—๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŽ™๊ณผ ํ™€ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ์—๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋ฐ˜๋ ฅ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ํŽ™์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ธํŠธ์— ๊ตฐ์ง‘ํ™” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๋„ ์—๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด์ • ํ›„์—๋„, ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ธํŠธ์—์„œ๋„ ์œ„์น˜ ์—๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜, K ํ‰๊ท  ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์šฐ์‹œ์•ˆ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ธํŠธ๋“ค์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—๋Ÿฌ ์ถ”์ถœ ์‹œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ ๊ฒฌ์‹คํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†๋„์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ ์—๋Ÿฌ ์ถ”์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. K ํ‰๊ท  ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ถ”์ถœ๋œ ์œ„์น˜ ์—๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ธํŠธ์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœ๋œ ์œ„์น˜ ์—๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ’๋“ค์˜ ํŽธ์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.29mm, 0.14mm ์ด๋‚ด์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ€์šฐ์‹œ์•ˆ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.44mm, 0.43mm๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. K ํ‰๊ท  ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์œ„์น˜ ์—๋Ÿฌ ์ถ”์ถœ์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ ๊ฒฌ์‹คํ•จ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์šฐ์‹œ์•ˆ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œํ•œ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ผ์„œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ •๋ณด์— ์˜์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๊ธด ๋‚˜์„ ํ˜• ๊ถค์ ๋งŒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ผ์ธ๋“œ ์„œ์น˜(Blind Search)์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ์™€ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ถœ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์งง๊ณ  ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์—๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง ์ˆ˜ํ‰์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์งง์€ XY ๊ถค์ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹จ์ถ• ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ๋„ ์—๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ‘์ด‰ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์—๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Peg-In-Hole is the one of basic tasks for robotic assembly. For successful Peg-In-Hole, the position and orientation alignment between mating parts is very important because small error can induce jamming and wedging which generates excessive force leading to damages on mating parts during insertion. A lot of researches for Peg-In-Hole task have been underway and it can be categorized into passive and active approaches. The passive approach represented by Remote Center Compliance uses the compliance and shape of mating parts for alignment, whereas the active approach uses measurement from vision, force or both of them. Passive approach has strength in which alignment can be done passively without any other measurements but applications are limited because it depends on the shape of mating parts like chamfer size and length of peg. Utilization of vision is also limited because of sensitivity in accuracy which is affected significantly by camera location and surrounding environment. In this dissertation, a dexterous gripper with an angular error measuring instrument and reliable position error estimation algorithm by clustering the force dataset is proposed for Peg-In-Hole task. Three main key features stated below are implemented in the system design and tested with square Peg-In-Hole experiments. The dexterous gripper which consists of 4 DOF(Degree Of Freedom) two fingers embedded with 6 axis force sensors at the fingertip is designed for micro manipulation during error recovery. Unlike the usual method in which force sensor is mounted on the robot wrist and peg is manipulated by robot arm, the designed dexterous gripper is used for both of grasping and manipulating peg. Reaction force generated on both side of peg is also measured at fingertip and recorded with peg position for error estimation. Robust angle measuring instrument, Scanner, consisted of 2DOF manipulator and laser distance sensor is also designed and implemented for detecting the angular error between peg and hole. Depending on the contact condition, its decided whether moment is generated or not, thus angular error compensation is necessary for fast and reliable error estimation based on the force data. In case of square Peg-In-Hole, the contact condition can be classified into 5 cases depending on the number of edge and supporting area between peg and hole and moment is generated in only one case. With the angular error compensation, the number of contact condition can be diminished to 2 cases thus shortened recovery time can be accomplished. To extract the position error between peg and hole, error estimation with clustering algorithm is applied to the measured dataset of moment and peg position. Even after angular error compensation, there still exists the condition which generates no reaction moment, thus artificial intelligence which can extract the position error among mixed dataset is required. Two representative algorithms, K means algorithms and Gaussian Mixture Model algorithm, commonly used in machine learning for clustering dataset are applied to various datasets constructed with position and moment for estimating position error. Two datasets, one constructed with the three datasets measured at same condition and the other constructed with three datasets measured with different velocity are used to check accuracy and robustness in error estimation from both of algorithm. The accuracy of estimated position error and deviation among estimated error in each dataset from K means algorithm is within 0.29mm and 0.14mm whereas both of that from Gaussian Mixture Model algorithm is within 0.44mm and 0.43mm. K means algorithm shows stable accuracy and robustness on position error estimation whereas the Gaussian Mixture Model algorithm needs to use constrained parameter for both of them. Comparing with blind search which uses no information from sensors and long spiral trajectory for error recovery, the proposed measurement system and algorithms have advantages in terms of recovery time and no variation of it. Short XY trajectory which moves horizontally and vertically in given search area can be used and error recovery time have no variation regardless of position error by diminishing the number of contact conditions through angular error compensation.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Robotic Assembly and Peg-In-Hole Task 1 1.2. Previous Research Works 2 1.2.1. Passive approaches 3 1.2.2. Active approaches 5 1.3. Purpose and Contribution of Research 9 Chapter 2. Contact Condition Analysis 12 2.1. Classification of Contact Condition 12 2.1.1. Connected Component Labeling 12 2.1.2. Binary image generation procedure 13 2.1.3. Analysis results for contact condition 14 2.2. Force and Moment depending on Contact Condition 17 Chapter 3. Design Synthesis of Gripper and Scanner 21 3.1. Overall Design Overview 21 3.2. Design and Mechanism of Finger 23 3.2.1. Advantages of parallel mechanism 23 3.2.2. Mechanism description of finger 28 3.2.3. Kinematics of finger 31 3.3 Design and Mechanism of Scanner 33 3.3.1. Mechanism description 33 3.3.2. FEM analysis for deflection compensation 34 Chapter 4. Error Recovery Algorithms 40 4.1. Clustering for Error Estimation 40 4.1.1. K means algorithm 41 4.1.2. Gaussian Mixture Model algorithm 42 4.2. Procedure for Error Recovery 44 4.3. Comparison of Error Recovery Algorithms 45 4.3.1. Comparison of trajectory in blind and XY search 45 4.3.2. Comparison of trajectory for position error recovery 46 4.3.3. Comparison of trajectory for angular error recovery 49 4.3.4. Comparison of variation in recovery time 50 Chapter 5. Experimental Results 52 5.1. Angular Error Measurement of Scanner 52 5.1.1. Verification of scanner accuracy and repeatability 52 5.1.2. Measurement and alignment of angular error 56 5.2. Reaction Moment Measurement at Fingertip 58 5.2.1. Measurement of moment data 58 5.2.2. Description of measurement condition 59 5.2.3. Clustering results from K means algorithm 61 5.2.4. Clustering results from Gaussian Mixture Model Algorithm 64 5.2.5 Comparison of clustering result 69 Chapter 6. Conclusion 71 Bibliography 74 Abstract in Korean 78Docto

    Automatische Fehlerbehandlung in industriellen Montageszenarien auf Basis menschlicher Demonstrationen

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    Based on a scenario where humans and robots share their workspace, a system for automatically error handling during an automated industrial assembly is presented. If an error occurs, it is first detected and then classified. If it is a previously unknown error, the human closest to the robot will be asked to perform error handling by interacting with the robot. This interaction is recorded so that it can be reapplied if the same error occurs again. If the error is already known, an appropriate error handling is selected and applied without any further human interaction required. Thus, the interaction rate decreases over time and the system learns to handle more and more errors independently. In addition, it is presented how different recorded error handlings can be optimized according to given performance criteria. For this purpose, a suitable input device for performing the error handling is required first. In addition, the Hierarchical Decomposition (HD) is introduced as the abstract representation of an assembly operation. In this case, an assembly is subdivided into different states at multiple hierarchical levels. This is done by a domain export which also defines conditions for state transition. Thus, the HD allows assembly progress monitoring, error detection and classification as well as error prediction. A strategy presentation is introduced to store and reuse demonstrated error handling interactions. One particular feature of this representation is that a strategy is always related to the robot's end-effector pose at that point of time when an error occurs. Thus, a strategy describes the movements which have been performed for error handling. The strategy's invariance against rotation or translation allows significant reduction in the amount of strategies needed to be demonstrated by a human via interaction. Four selection criteria are introduced in order to decide if a strategy matches an error. Thereby, it is possible to make a selection based on one criterion or to perform a multi-criteria optimization using all available information. By introducing a strategy optimization approach, the overall system performance can be improved. In a subsequent experiment, it is shown that the presented error handling approach can be successfully applied.Ausgehend von einem Szenario, in dem sich Menschen und Roboter einen Arbeitsraum teilen, wird ein System zur automatischen Behandlung von Fehlerzustรคnden in automatisierten Montageprozessen vorgestellt. Tritt ein Fehler auf, so wird dieser erkannt und klassifiziert. Handelt es sich um einen bisher unbekannten Fehler, so wird der Mensch, welcher dem Roboter am nรคchsten ist gebeten, eine Fehlerbehandlung durch Interaktion mit dem Roboter durchzufรผhren. Diese Fehlerbehandlung wird aufgezeichnet, sodass sie bei einem erneuten Auftreten des gleichen Fehlers wieder angewendet werden kann. Ist der aufgetretene Fehler jedoch bereits bekannt, so wird eine dazu passende Fehlerbehandlung ausgewรคhlt und ausgefรผhrt, ohne dass es zu einer Interaktion kommt. Somit sinkt die Interaktionsrate รผber die Zeit betrachtet und das System lernt immer mehr Fehler eigenstรคndig zu behandeln. Zusรคtzlich wird vorgestellt, wie verschiedene und aufgezeichnete Fehlerbehandlungen gemรครŸ vorgegebenen PerformancemaรŸen optimiert werden kรถnnen. Zur Realisierung eines solchen Systems wird zunรคchst ein passendes Eingabegerรคt zur Durchfรผhrung der Fehlerbehandlung benรถtigt. Zusรคtzlich wird mit der Hierarchical Decomposition (HD) ein Ansatz zur abstrakten Beschreibung von Montagevorgรคngen vorgestellt. Des Weiteren wird eine Strategiereprรคsentation eingefรผhrt, um demonstrierte Fehlerbehandlungen speichern und wiederverwenden zu kรถnnen. Eine besondere Eigenschaft der vorgestellten Strategiereprรคsentation ist, dass eine Strategie immer auf die End-Effektor Pose des Roboters zu dem Zeitpunkt, an welchem der Fehler auftritt, bezogen ist. Somit beschreibt eine Strategie die Bewegungen, welche zur Fehlerbehandlung durchzufรผhren sind. Um Strategien auswรคhlen zu kรถnnen, werden vier Auswahlkriterien vorgestellt. Dabei ist es mรถglich, eine Auswahl nur auf Basis eines Kriteriums zu treffen oder alle zu berรผcksichtigen, in dem eine Multikriterienoptimierung durchgefรผhrt wird. Durch die Einfรผhrung eines Verfahrens zur Optimierung von Strategien kann die Systemperformance bezรผglich eines vorgegebenen PerformancemaรŸes gesteigert werden. In einem anschlieรŸenden Experiment wird gezeigt, dass der vorgestellte Ansatz zur Fehlerbehandlung erfolgreich angewendet werden kann
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