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    ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์šฉ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ๋™์‹œ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2022.2. ์ •๋•๊ท .๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์šฉ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์†๋„์˜ 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์†๋„์˜ 2๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ๋™์‹œ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ์„ค๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š”, 10B6Q ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์Šค ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์ ์‘ํ˜• ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋งํฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฉด์  ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ์ข‹์€ 10B6Q ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ฌ๋ณผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ 6๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธธ์ด 10๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํƒ€์ž…์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์ ์‘ํ˜• ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์˜ต์…‹์„ ์ตœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋น„ํŠธ์—๋Ÿฌ์œจ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ , ์ด ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ๊ฒŒ์ธ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์‘ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ธฐ 10B6Q ์ฝ”๋“œ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์ฐธ์กฐ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ์นฉ๋“ค์€ 40 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ๋ณด์™„ํ˜• ๋ฉ”ํƒˆ ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์นฉ ์˜จ ๋ณด๋“œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 10B6Q ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” 645๊ฐœ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹จ 0.0009 mm2 ์˜ ๋ฉด์  ๋งŒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, 667 MHz ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋‹จ 0.23 mW ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•œ๋‹ค. 10B6Q ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 8-Gb/s 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ ์‘ํ˜• ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋กœ 12-m ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” (22-dB ์ฑ„๋„ ๋กœ์Šค) ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ตœ์†Œ ๋น„ํŠธ ์—๋Ÿฌ์œจ 108 ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋น„ํŠธ ์—๋Ÿฌ์œจ 105 ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ด ๋งˆ์ง„์ด 0.15 UI x 50 mV ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์นœ ์ „๋ ฅ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋Š” 65.2 mW (PLL ์ œ์™ธ) ์ด๊ณ , ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” 0.37 pJ/b/dB ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ์„ค๊ณ„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ์„ค๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š”, 12-Gb/s 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์ •๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ฑ„๋„ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ 125-Mb/s 2๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ฑ„๋„ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ๋™์‹œ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋„“์€ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋Š” gmC ์ €๋Œ€์—ญ ํ†ต๊ณผ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์™€ ์—์ฝ” ์ œ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์•„์›ƒ๋ฐ”์šด๋“œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ 24 dB ์ด์ƒ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋„“์€ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒŒ์ธ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ ํ˜• ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํญ์˜ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์˜คํ”„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ ์นฉ์€ 40 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ๋ณด์™„ํ˜• ๋ฉ”ํƒˆ ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ๋ฐ 2๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ 5m ์ฑ„๋„ (์ฑ„๋„ ๋กœ์Šค 15.9 dB) ์—์„œ 1E-12 ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋น„ํŠธ ์—๋Ÿฌ์œจ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด 78.4 mW ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ 0.41 pJ/b/dB ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋™์‹œ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ†ต์‹  ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ฐ 2๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์—์„œ ์•„์ด ๋งˆ์ง„ 0.15 UI ์™€ 0.57 UI ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ง€ํ‘œ 0.5 ์ดํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋™์‹œ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์•„์ด ๋งˆ์ง„์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.In this dissertation, design techniques of a highly asymmetric simultaneous bidirectional (SB) transceivers with high-speed PAM-4 and low-speed PAM-2 signals are proposed and demonstrated for the next-generation automotive camera link. In a first prototype design, a PAM-4 transmitter with 10B6Q DC balance code and a PAM-4 adaptive receiver with fixed data and threshold levels (dtLevs) are presented. In PAM-4 transmitter, an area- and power-efficient 10B6Q code for an AC coupled link system that guarantees DC balance and limited run length of six is proposed. Although the input data width of 10 bits is used here, the proposed scheme has an extensibility for the input data width to cover various data types of the camera. On the other hand, in the PAM-4 adaptive receiver, to optimally cancel the sampler offset for a lower BER, instead of adjusting dtLevs, the gain of a programmable gain amplifier is adjusted adaptively under fixed dtLevs. The prototype chips including above proposed 10B6Q code and fixed dtLevs are fabricated in 40-nm CMOS technology and tested in chip-on-board assembly. The 10B6Q code only occupies an active area of 0.0009 mm2 with a synthesized gate count of 645. It also consumes 0.23 mW at the operating clock frequency of 667 MHz. The transmitter with 10B6Q code delivers 8-Gb/s PAM-4 signal to the adaptive receiver using fixed dtLevs through a lossy 12-m cable (22-dB channel loss) with a BER of 1E-8, and the eye margin larger than 0.15 UI x 50 mV is measured for a BER of 1E-5. The proto-type chips consume 65.2 mW (excluding PLL), exhibiting an FoM of 0.37 pJ/b/dB. In a second prototype design advanced from the first prototypes, An asymmetric SB transceivers incorporating a 12-Gb/s PAM-4 forward channel and a 125-Mb/s PAM-2 back channel are presented and demonstrated. The proposed wide linear range (WLR) hybrid combined with a gmC low-pass filter and an echo canceller effectively suppresses the outbound signals by more than 24dB. In addition, linear range enhancer which forms a gain attenuator with WLR hybrid breaks the trade-off between the linearity and the amplitude of the PAM-4 signal. The SB transceiver chips are separately fabricated in 40-nm CMOS technology. Using above design techniques, both PAM-4 and PAM-2 SB transceivers achieve BER less than 1E-12 over a 5-m channel (15.9 dB channel loss), consuming 78.4 mW. The overall transceivers achieve an FoM of 0.41 pJ/b/dB and eye margin (at BER of 1E-12) of 0.15 UI and 0.57 UI for the forward PAM-4 and back PAM-2 signals, respectively, under SB communication. This is the best eye margin compared to the prior art SB transceivers with an FoM less than 0.5.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 MOTIVATION 1 1.2 DISSERTATION ORGANIZATION 4 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND ON AUTOMOTIVE CAMERA LINK 6 2.1 OVERVIEW 6 2.2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 10 2.2.1 CHANNEL 10 2.2.2 POWER OVER DIFFERENTIAL LINE (PODL) 12 2.2.3 AC COUPLING AND DC BALANCE CODE 15 2.2.4 SIMULTANEOUS BIDIRECTIONAL COMMUNICATION 18 2.2.4.1 HYBRID 18 2.2.4.2 ECHO CANCELLER 20 2.2.5 ADAPTIVE RECEIVE EQUALIZATION 22 CHAPTER 3 AREA AND POWER EFFICIENT 10B6Q ENCODER FOR DC BALANCE 25 3.1 INTRODUCTION 25 3.2 PRIOR WORKS 28 3.3 PROPOSED AREA- AND POWER-EFFICIENT 10B6Q PAM-4 CODER 30 3.4 DESIGN OF THE 10B6Q CODE 33 3.4.1 PAM-4 DC BALANCE 35 3.4.2 PAM-4 TRANSITION DENSITY 35 3.4.3 10B6Q DECODER 37 3.5 IMPLEMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT RESULTS 40 CHAPTER 4 PAM-4 TRANSMITTER AND ADAPTIVE RECEIVER WITH FIXED DATA AND THRESHOLD LEVELS 45 4.1 INTRODUCTION 45 4.2 PRIOR WORKS 47 4.3 ARCHITECTURE AND IMPLEMENTATION 49 4.2.1 PAM-4 TRANSMITTER 49 4.2.2 PAM-4 ADAPTIVE RECEIVER 52 4.3 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 62 CHAPTER 5 ASYMMETRIC SIMULTANEOUS BIDIRECTIONAL TRANSCEIVERS USING WIDE LINEAR RANGE HYBRID 68 5.1 INTRODUCTION 68 5.2 PRIOR WORKS 70 5.3 WIDE LINEAR RANGE (WLR) HYBRID 75 5.3 IMPLEMENTATION 78 5.3.1 SERIALIZER (SER) DESIGN 78 5.3.2 DESERIALIZER (DES) DESIGN 79 5.4 HALF CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF WLR HYBRID AND LRE 82 5.5 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 88 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 97 BIBLIOGRAPHY 99 ์ดˆ ๋ก 106๋ฐ•

    Design Techniques for High Pin Efficiency Wireline Transceivers

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    While the majority of wireline research investigates bandwidth improvement and how to overcome the high channel loss, pin efficiency is also critical in high-performance wireline applications. This dissertation proposes two different implementations for high pin efficiency wireline transceivers. The first prototype achieves twice pin efficiency than unidirectional signaling, which is 32Gb/s simultaneous bidirectional transceiver supporting transmission and reception on the same channel at the same time. It includes an efficient low-swing voltage-mode driver with an R-gm hybrid for signal separation, combining the continuous-time-linear-equalizer (CTLE) and echo cancellation (EC) in a single stage, and employing a low-complexity 5/4X CDA system. Support of a wide range of channels is possible with foreground adaptation of the EC finite impulse response (FIR) filter taps with a sign-sign least-mean-square (SSLMS) algorithm. Fabricated in TSMC 28-nm CMOS, the 32Gb/s SBD transceiver occupies 0.09mm20.09 mm^{2} area and achieves 16Gb/s uni-directional and 32Gb/s simultaneous bi-directional signals. 32Gb/s SBD operation consumes 1.83mW/Gb/s with 10.8dB channel loss at Nyquist rate. The second prototype presents an optical transmitter with a quantum-dot (QD) microring laser. This can support wavelength-division multiplexing allowing for high pin efficiency application by packing multiple high-bandwidth signals onto one optical channel. The development QD microring laser model accurately captures the intrinsic photonic high-speed dynamics and allows for the future co-design of the circuits and photonic device. To achieve higher bandwidth than intrinsic one, utilizing both techniques of optical injection locking (OIL) and 2-tap asymmetric Feed-forward equalizer (FFE) can perform 22Gb/s operation with 3.2mW/Gb/s. The first hybrid-integration directly-modulated OIL QD microring laser system is demonstrated
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