A Hazard Analysis Technique for Additive Manufacturing

The promise of Additive Manufacturing (AM) includes reduced transportation and warehousing costs, reduction of source material waste, and reduced environmental impact. AM is extremely useful for making prototypes and has demonstrated the ability to manufacture complex parts not possible (or prohibitively expensive) with conventional machining. Scientists and manufactures are finding increased uses for AM in creation of all types of finished products including those built from polymers, biological material, and metals. Although companies such as GE have been using 3D printing for Additive Manufacturing for over thirty years to make mandrels for light bulb manufacturing, application areas of Additive Manufacturing have increased substantially in recent years, particularly due to the reduction in cost of 3D printers. Like most emergent technologies, there are bound to be growing pains with AM. This paper looks at the software that supports AM and 3D printing and their vulnerability to cyber-attacks, intellectual property theft, defect rates of AM software (which can cause undesired consequences themselves and also create vulnerabilities that a hacker may exploit), part reliability and safety of devices incorporating 3D printed parts (when making mission critical parts), and security/throughput issues of computer networks. Literature searches, consulting with technical experts and a relatively new hazard analysis technique will be used, one especially developed for software intensive systems called Systemic Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA). The purpose of this white paper is to identify risks (or hazards for mission critical parts) for AM in this emergent stage so that mitigations can be applied before accidents occur. A second purpose of this white paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of STPA as a hazard analysis technique in a field that is still relatively new.Comment: Better Software East Conference, 201

Detecting Cyber-Physical Attacks in Additive Manufacturing using Digital Audio Signing

Additive Manufacturing (AM, or 3D printing) is a novel manufacturing technology that is being adopted in industrial and consumer settings. However, the reliance of this technology on computerization has raised various security concerns. In this paper we address sabotage via tampering with the 3D printing process. We present an object verification system using side-channel emanations: sound generated by onboard stepper motors. The contributions of this paper are following. We present two algorithms: one which generates a master audio fingerprint for the unmodified printing process, and one which computes the similarity between other print recordings and the master audio fingerprint. We then evaluate the deviation due to tampering, focusing on the detection of minimal tampering primitives. By detecting the deviation at the time of its occurrence, we can stop the printing process for compromised objects, thus save time and prevent material waste. We discuss impacts on the method by aspects like background noise, or different audio recorder positions. We further outline our vision with use cases incorporating our approach

A Survey on Limitation, Security and Privacy Issues on Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing (AM) is growing as fast as anyone can imagine, and it is now a multi-billion-dollar industry. AM becomes popular in a variety of sectors, such as automotive, aerospace, biomedical, and pharmaceutical, for producing parts/ components/ subsystems. However, current AM technologies can face vast risks of security issues and privacy loss. For the security of AM process, many researchers are working on the defense mechanism to countermeasure such security concerns and finding efficient ways to eliminate those risks. Researchers have also been conducting experiments to establish a secure framework for the user's privacy and security components. This survey consists of four sections. In the first section, we will explore the relevant limitations of additive manufacturing in terms of printing capability, security, and possible solutions. The second section will present different kinds of attacks on AM and their effects. The next part will analyze and discuss the mechanisms and frameworks for access control and authentication for AM devices. The final section examines the security issues in various industrial sectors and provides the observations on the security of the additive manufacturing process.Comment: 10 Page