Transparent authentication methodology in electronic education

In the context of on-line assessment in e-learning, a problem arises when a student taking an exam may wish to cheat by handing over personal credentials to someone else to take their place in an exam, Another problem is that there is no method for signing digital content as it is being produced in a computerized environment. Our proposed solution is to digitally sign the participant’s work by embedding voice samples in the transcript paper at regular intervals. In this investigation, we have demonstrated that a transparent stenographic methodology will provide an innovative and practical solution for achieving continuous authentication in an online educational environment by successful insertion and extraction of audio digital signatures

Predictions and Outcomes for the Dynamics of Rotating Galaxies

A review is given of a priori predictions made for the dynamics of rotating galaxies. One theory - MOND - has had many predictions corroborated by subsequent observations. While it is sometimes possible to offer post hoc explanations for these observations in terms of dark matter, it is seldom possible to use dark matter to predict the same phenomena.Comment: 36 pages (10 are references), 9 figures. Invited review for the Galaxies special Issue "Debate on the Physics of Galactic Rotation and the Existence of Dark Matter." Provides test cases for the importance of prior predictions in the application of the scientific metho