1,811 research outputs found
Enabling virtual radio functions on software defined radio for future wireless networks
Today's wired networks have become highly flexible, thanks to the fact that an increasing number of functionalities are realized by software rather than dedicated hardware. This trend is still in its early stages for wireless networks, but it has the potential to improve the network's flexibility and resource utilization regarding both the abundant computational resources and the scarce radio spectrum resources. In this work we provide an overview of the enabling technologies for network reconfiguration, such as Network Function Virtualization, Software Defined Networking, and Software Defined Radio. We review frequently used terminology such as softwarization, virtualization, and orchestration, and how these concepts apply to wireless networks. We introduce the concept of Virtual Radio Function, and illustrate how softwarized/virtualized radio functions can be placed and initialized at runtime, allowing radio access technologies and spectrum allocation schemes to be formed dynamically. Finally we focus on embedded Software-Defined Radio as an end device, and illustrate how to realize the placement, initialization and configuration of virtual radio functions on such kind of devices
Real-Time Waveform Prototyping
Mobile Netzwerke der fĂŒnften Generation zeichen sich aus durch vielfĂ€ltigen Anforderungen und Einsatzszenarien. Drei unterschiedliche AnwendungsfĂ€lle sind hierbei besonders relevant: 1) Industrie-Applikationen fordern EchtzeitfunkĂŒbertragungen mit besonders niedrigen Ausfallraten. 2) Internet-of-things-Anwendungen erfordern die Anbindung einer Vielzahl von verteilten Sensoren. 3) Die Datenraten fĂŒr Anwendung wie z.B. der Ăbermittlung von Videoinhalten sind massiv gestiegen.
Diese zum Teil gegensĂ€tzlichen Erwartungen veranlassen Forscher und Ingenieure dazu, neue Konzepte und Technologien fĂŒr zukĂŒnftige drahtlose Kommunikationssysteme in Betracht zu ziehen. Ziel ist es, aus einer Vielzahl neuer Ideen vielversprechende Kandidatentechnologien zu identifizieren und zu entscheiden, welche fĂŒr die Umsetzung in zukĂŒnftige Produkte geeignet sind. Die Herausforderungen, diese Anforderungen zu erreichen, liegen jedoch jenseits der Möglichkeiten, die eine einzelne Verarbeitungsschicht in einem drahtlosen Netzwerk bieten kann. Daher mĂŒssen mehrere Forschungsbereiche Forschungsideen gemeinsam nutzen.
Diese Arbeit beschreibt daher eine Plattform als Basis fĂŒr zukĂŒnftige experimentelle Erforschung von drahtlosen Netzwerken unter reellen Bedingungen. Es werden folgende drei Aspekte nĂ€her vorgestellt:
ZunĂ€chst erfolgt ein Ăberblick ĂŒber moderne Prototypen und Testbed-Lösungen, die auf groĂes Interesse, Nachfrage, aber auch Förderungsmöglichkeiten stoĂen. Allerdings ist der Entwicklungsaufwand nicht unerheblich und richtet sich stark nach den gewĂ€hlten Eigenschaften der Plattform. Der Auswahlprozess ist jedoch aufgrund der Menge der verfĂŒgbaren Optionen und ihrer jeweiligen (versteckten) Implikationen komplex. Daher wird ein Leitfaden anhand verschiedener Beispiele vorgestellt, mit dem Ziel Erwartungen im Vergleich zu den fĂŒr den Prototyp erforderlichen AufwĂ€nden zu bewerten.
Zweitens wird ein flexibler, aber echtzeitfĂ€higer Signalprozessor eingefĂŒhrt, der auf einer software-programmierbaren Funkplattform lĂ€uft. Der Prozessor ermöglicht die Rekonfiguration wichtiger Parameter der physikalischen Schicht wĂ€hrend der Laufzeit, um eine Vielzahl moderner Wellenformen zu erzeugen. Es werden vier Parametereinstellungen 'LLC', 'WiFi', 'eMBB' und 'IoT' vorgestellt, um die Anforderungen der verschiedenen drahtlosen Anwendungen widerzuspiegeln. Diese werden dann zur Evaluierung der die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte Implementierung herangezogen.
Drittens wird durch die EinfĂŒhrung einer generischen Testinfrastruktur die Einbeziehung externer Partner aus der Ferne ermöglicht. Das Testfeld kann hier fĂŒr verschiedenste Experimente flexibel auf die Anforderungen drahtloser Technologien zugeschnitten werden. Mit Hilfe der Testinfrastruktur wird die Leistung des vorgestellten Transceivers hinsichtlich Latenz, erreichbarem Durchsatz und Paketfehlerraten bewertet. Die öffentliche Demonstration eines taktilen Internet-Prototypen, unter Verwendung von Roboterarmen in einer Mehrbenutzerumgebung, konnte erfolgreich durchgefĂŒhrt und bei mehreren Gelegenheiten prĂ€sentiert werden.:List of figures
List of tables
Abbreviations
Notations
1 Introduction
1.1 Wireless applications
1.2 Motivation
1.3 Software-Defined Radio
1.4 State of the art
1.5 Testbed
1.6 Summary
2 Background
2.1 System Model
2.2 PHY Layer Structure
2.3 Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing
2.4 Wireless Standards
2.4.1 IEEE 802.15.4
2.4.2 802.11 WLAN
2.4.3 LTE
2.4.4 Low Latency Industrial Wireless Communications
2.4.5 Summary
3 Wireless Prototyping
3.1 Testbed Examples
3.1.1 PHY - focused Testbeds
3.1.2 MAC - focused Testbeds
3.1.3 Network - focused testbeds
3.1.4 Generic testbeds
3.2 Considerations
3.3 Use cases and Scenarios
3.4 Requirements
3.5 Methodology
3.6 Hardware Platform
3.6.1 Host
3.6.2 FPGA
3.6.3 Hybrid
3.6.4 ASIC
3.7 Software Platform
3.7.1 Testbed Management Frameworks
3.7.2 Development Frameworks
3.7.3 Software Implementations
3.8 Deployment
3.9 Discussion
3.10 Conclusion
4 Flexible Transceiver
4.1 Signal Processing Modules
4.1.1 MAC interface
4.1.2 Encoding and Mapping
4.1.3 Modem
4.1.4 Post modem processing
4.1.5 Synchronization
4.1.6 Channel Estimation and Equalization
4.1.7 Demapping
4.1.8 Flexible Configuration
4.2 Analysis
4.2.1 Numerical Precision
4.2.2 Spectral analysis
4.2.3 Latency
4.2.4 Resource Consumption
4.3 Discussion
4.3.1 Extension to MIMO
4.4 Summary
5 Testbed
5.1 Infrastructure
5.2 Automation
5.3 Software Defined Radio Platform
5.4 Radio Frequency Front-end
5.4.1 Sub 6 GHz front-end
5.4.2 26 GHz mmWave front-end
5.5 Performance evaluation
5.6 Summary
6 Experiments
6.1 Single Link
6.1.1 Infrastructure
6.1.2 Single Link Experiments
6.1.3 End-to-End
6.2 Multi-User
6.3 26 GHz mmWave experimentation
6.4 Summary
7 Key lessons
7.1 Limitations Experienced During Development
7.2 Prototyping Future
7.3 Open points
7.4 Workflow
7.5 Summary
8 Conclusions
8.1 Future Work
8.1.1 Prototyping Workflow
8.1.2 Flexible Transceiver Core
8.1.3 Experimental Data-sets
8.1.4 Evolved Access Point Prototype For Industrial Networks
8.1.5 Testbed Standardization
A Additional Resources
A.1 Fourier Transform Blocks
A.2 Resource Consumption
A.3 Channel Sounding using Chirp sequences
A.3.1 SNR Estimation
A.3.2 Channel Estimation
A.4 Hardware part listThe demand to achieve higher data rates for the Enhanced Mobile Broadband scenario and novel fifth generation use cases like Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency and Massive Machine-type Communications drive researchers and engineers to consider new concepts and technologies for future wireless communication systems. The goal is to identify promising candidate technologies
among a vast number of new ideas and to decide, which are suitable for implementation in future products. However, the challenges to achieve those demands are beyond the capabilities a single processing layer in a wireless network can offer. Therefore, several research domains have to collaboratively exploit research ideas.
This thesis presents a platform to provide a base for future applied research on wireless networks. Firstly, by giving an overview of state-of-the-art prototypes and testbed solutions. Secondly by introducing a flexible, yet real-time physical layer signal processor running on a software defined radio platform. The processor enables reconfiguring important parameters of the physical layer during run-time in order to create a multitude of modern waveforms. Thirdly, by introducing a generic test infrastructure, which can be tailored to prototype diverse wireless technology and which is remotely accessible in order to invite new ideas by third parties. Using the test infrastructure, the performance of the flexible transceiver is evaluated regarding latency, achievable throughput and packet error rates.:List of figures
List of tables
Abbreviations
Notations
1 Introduction
1.1 Wireless applications
1.2 Motivation
1.3 Software-Defined Radio
1.4 State of the art
1.5 Testbed
1.6 Summary
2 Background
2.1 System Model
2.2 PHY Layer Structure
2.3 Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing
2.4 Wireless Standards
2.4.1 IEEE 802.15.4
2.4.2 802.11 WLAN
2.4.3 LTE
2.4.4 Low Latency Industrial Wireless Communications
2.4.5 Summary
3 Wireless Prototyping
3.1 Testbed Examples
3.1.1 PHY - focused Testbeds
3.1.2 MAC - focused Testbeds
3.1.3 Network - focused testbeds
3.1.4 Generic testbeds
3.2 Considerations
3.3 Use cases and Scenarios
3.4 Requirements
3.5 Methodology
3.6 Hardware Platform
3.6.1 Host
3.6.2 FPGA
3.6.3 Hybrid
3.6.4 ASIC
3.7 Software Platform
3.7.1 Testbed Management Frameworks
3.7.2 Development Frameworks
3.7.3 Software Implementations
3.8 Deployment
3.9 Discussion
3.10 Conclusion
4 Flexible Transceiver
4.1 Signal Processing Modules
4.1.1 MAC interface
4.1.2 Encoding and Mapping
4.1.3 Modem
4.1.4 Post modem processing
4.1.5 Synchronization
4.1.6 Channel Estimation and Equalization
4.1.7 Demapping
4.1.8 Flexible Configuration
4.2 Analysis
4.2.1 Numerical Precision
4.2.2 Spectral analysis
4.2.3 Latency
4.2.4 Resource Consumption
4.3 Discussion
4.3.1 Extension to MIMO
4.4 Summary
5 Testbed
5.1 Infrastructure
5.2 Automation
5.3 Software Defined Radio Platform
5.4 Radio Frequency Front-end
5.4.1 Sub 6 GHz front-end
5.4.2 26 GHz mmWave front-end
5.5 Performance evaluation
5.6 Summary
6 Experiments
6.1 Single Link
6.1.1 Infrastructure
6.1.2 Single Link Experiments
6.1.3 End-to-End
6.2 Multi-User
6.3 26 GHz mmWave experimentation
6.4 Summary
7 Key lessons
7.1 Limitations Experienced During Development
7.2 Prototyping Future
7.3 Open points
7.4 Workflow
7.5 Summary
8 Conclusions
8.1 Future Work
8.1.1 Prototyping Workflow
8.1.2 Flexible Transceiver Core
8.1.3 Experimental Data-sets
8.1.4 Evolved Access Point Prototype For Industrial Networks
8.1.5 Testbed Standardization
A Additional Resources
A.1 Fourier Transform Blocks
A.2 Resource Consumption
A.3 Channel Sounding using Chirp sequences
A.3.1 SNR Estimation
A.3.2 Channel Estimation
A.4 Hardware part lis
Building Programmable Wireless Networks: An Architectural Survey
In recent times, there have been a lot of efforts for improving the ossified
Internet architecture in a bid to sustain unstinted growth and innovation. A
major reason for the perceived architectural ossification is the lack of
ability to program the network as a system. This situation has resulted partly
from historical decisions in the original Internet design which emphasized
decentralized network operations through co-located data and control planes on
each network device. The situation for wireless networks is no different
resulting in a lot of complexity and a plethora of largely incompatible
wireless technologies. The emergence of "programmable wireless networks", that
allow greater flexibility, ease of management and configurability, is a step in
the right direction to overcome the aforementioned shortcomings of the wireless
networks. In this paper, we provide a broad overview of the architectures
proposed in literature for building programmable wireless networks focusing
primarily on three popular techniques, i.e., software defined networks,
cognitive radio networks, and virtualized networks. This survey is a
self-contained tutorial on these techniques and its applications. We also
discuss the opportunities and challenges in building next-generation
programmable wireless networks and identify open research issues and future
research directions.Comment: 19 page
Facilitating Flexible Link Layer Protocols for Future Wireless Communication Systems
This dissertation addresses the problem of designing link layer protocols
which are flexible enough to accommodate the demands offuture wireless
communication systems (FWCS).We show that entire link layer protocols with
diverse requirements and responsibilities can be composed out of
reconfigurable and reusable components.We demonstrate this by designing and
implementinga novel concept termed Flexible Link Layer (FLL)
architecture.Through extensive simulations and practical experiments, we
evaluate a prototype of the suggested architecture in both
fixed-spectrumand dynamic spectrum access (DSA) networks.
FWCS are expected to overcome diverse challenges including the continual
growthin traffic volume and number of connected devices.Furthermore, they
are envisioned to support a widerange of new application requirements and
operating conditions.Technology trends, including smart homes,
communicating machines, and vehicularnetworks, will not only grow on a
scale that once was unimaginable, they will also become the predominant
communication paradigm, eventually surpassing today's human-produced
network traffic.
In order for this to become reality, today's systems have to evolve in many
ways.They have to exploit allocated resources in a more efficient and
energy-conscious manner.In addition to that, new methods for spectrum
access and resource sharingneed to be deployed.Having the diversification
of applications and network conditions in mind, flexibility at all layers
of a communication system is of paramount importance in order to meet the
desired goals.
However, traditional communication systems are often designed with specific
and distinct applications in mind. Therefore, system designers can tailor
communication systems according to fixedrequirements and operating
conditions, often resulting in highly optimized but inflexible
systems.Among the core problems of such design is the mix of data transfer
and management aspects.Such a combination of concerns clearly hinders the
reuse and extension of existing protocols.
To overcome this problem, the key idea explored in this dissertation is a
component-based design to facilitate the development of more flexible and
versatile link layer protocols.Specifically, the FLL architecture,
suggested in this dissertation, employs a generic, reconfigurable data
transfer protocol around which one or more complementary protocols, called
link layer applications, are responsible for management-related aspects of
the layer.
To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, we have designed
andimplemented a prototype of the FLL architecture on the basis ofa
reconfigurable software defined radio (SDR) testbed.Employing the SDR
prototype as well as computer simulations, thisdissertation describes
various experiments used to examine a range of link layerprotocols for both
fixed-spectrum and DSA networks.
This dissertation firstly outlines the challenges faced by FWCSand
describes DSA as a possible technology component for their construction.It
then specifies the requirements for future DSA systemsthat provide the
basis for our further considerations.We then review the background on link
layer protocols, surveyrelated work on the construction of flexible
protocol frameworks,and compare a range of actual link layer protocols and
algorithms.Based on the results of this analysis, we design, implement, and
evaluatethe FLL architecture and a selection of actual link layer
protocols.
We believe the findings of this dissertation add substantively to the
existing literature on link layer protocol design and are valuable for
theoreticians and experimentalists alike
Easing the Transition from Inspiration to Implementation: A Rapid Prototyping Platform for Wireless Medium Access Control Protocols
Packet broadcast networks are in widespread use in modern wireless communication systems. Medium access control is a key functionality within such technologies. A substantial research effort has been and continues to be invested into the study of existing protocols and the development of new and specialised ones. Academic researchers are
restricted in their studies by an absence of suitable wireless MAC protocol development methods.
This thesis describes an environment which allows rapid prototyping and evaluation of wireless medium access control protocols. The proposed design flow allows specification of the protocol using the specification and description language (SDL) formal description technique. A tool is presented to convert the SDL protocol description into a C++ model suitable for integration into both simulation and implementation environments.
Simulations at various levels of abstraction are shown to be relevant at different stages of protocol design. Environments based on the
Cinderella SDL simulator and the ns-2 network simulator have been developed which allow early functional verification, along with detailed and accurate performance analysis of protocols under
development.
A hardware platform is presented which allows implementation of protocols with flexibility in the hardware/software trade-off. Measurement facilities are integral to the hardware framework, and provide a means for accurate real-world feedback on protocol performance
Energy-efficient wireless communication
In this chapter we present an energy-efficient highly adaptive network interface architecture and a novel data link layer protocol for wireless networks that provides Quality of Service (QoS) support for diverse traffic types. Due to the dynamic nature of wireless networks, adaptations in bandwidth scheduling and error control are necessary to achieve energy efficiency and an acceptable quality of service. In our approach we apply adaptability through all layers of the protocol stack, and provide feedback to the applications. In this way the applications can adapt the data streams, and the network protocols can adapt the communication parameters
性èŠæšĄă·ăčăă LSIèšèšăźăăăźç”±äžçăăŒăăŠă§ăąă»ăœăăăŠă§ăąćèȘżæ€èšŒææł
Currently, the complexity of embedded LSI system is growing faster than the productivity of system design. This trend results in a design productivity gap, particularly in tight development time. Since the verification task takes bigger part of development task, it becomes a major challenge in LSI system design. In order to guarantee system reliability and quality of results (QoR), verifying large coverage of system functionality requires huge amount of relevant test cases and various scenario of evaluations. To overcome these problems, verification methodology is evolving toward supporting higher level of design abstraction by employing HW-SW co-verification. In this study, we present a novel approach for verification LSI circuit which is called as unified HW/SW co-verification framework. The study aims to improve design efficiency while maintains implementation consistency in the point of view of system-level performance. The proposed data-driven simulation and flexible interface of HW and SW design become the backbone of verification framework. In order to avoid time consuming, prone error, and iterative design spin-off in a large team, the proposed framework has to support multiple design abstractions. Hence, it can close the loop of design, exploration, optimization, and testing. Furthermore, the proposed methodology is also able to co-operate with system-level simulation in high-level abstraction, which is easy to extend for various applications and enables fast-turn around design modification. These contributions are discussed in chapter 3. In order to show the effectiveness and the use-cases of the proposed verification framework, the evaluation and metrics assessments of Very High Throughput wireless LAN system design are carried out. Two application examples are provided. The first case in chapter 4 is intended for fast verification and design exploration of large circuit. The Maximum Likelihood Detection (MLD) MIMO decoder is considered as Design Under Test (DUT). The second case, as presented in chapter 5, is the evaluation for system-level simulation. The full transceiver system based on IEEE 802.11ac standard is employed as DUT. Experimental results show that the proposed verification approach gives significant improvements of verification time (e.g. up to 10,000 times) over the conventional scheme. The proposed framework is also able to support various schemes of system level evaluations and cross-layer evaluation of wireless system.äčć·ć·„æ„性ćŠć棫ćŠäœè«æ ćŠäœèšçȘć·ïŒæ
ć·„ćçČ珏328ć· ćŠäœæäžćčŽææ„ïŒćčłæ29ćčŽ6æ30æ„1 Introduction|2 Design and Verification in LSI System Design|3 Unified HW/SW Co-verification Methodology|4 Fast Co-verification and Design Exploration in Complex Circuits|5 Unified System Level Simulator for Very High Throughput Wireless Systems|6 Conclusion and Future Workäčć·ć·„æ„性ćŠćčłæ29ćčŽ
Analysis, characterization and optimization of the energy efficiency on softwarized mobile platforms
MenciĂłn Internacional en el tĂtulo de doctorLa inminente 5ÂȘ generaciĂłn de sistemas mĂłviles (5G) estĂĄ a punto de revolucionar la industria, trayendo una nueva arquitectura orientada a los nuevos mercados verticales y servicios. Debido a esto, el 5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership (5G-PPP) ha especificado una lista de Indicadores de Rendimiento Clave (KPI) que todo sistema 5G tiene que soportar, por ejemplo incrementar por 1000 el volumen de datos, de 10 a 100 veces mÂŽas dispositivos conectados o consumos energĂ©ticos 10 veces inferiores. Con el fin de conseguir estos requisitos, se espera expandir los despligues actuales usando mas Puntos de Acceso (PoA) incrementando asĂ su densidad con
mĂșltiples tecnologĂas inalĂĄmbricas. Esta estrategia de despliegue masivo tiene una contrapartida en la eficiencia energĂ©tica, generando un conflicto con el KPI de reducir por 10 el consumo energĂ©tico. En este contexto, la comunidad investigadora ha propuesto nuevos paradigmas para alcanzar los requisitos impuestos para los sistemas 5G, siendo materializados en tecnologĂas como Redes Definidas por Software (SDN) y VirtualizaciĂłn de Funciones de Red (NFV). Estos nuevos paradigmas son el primer paso hacia la softwarizaciĂłn de los despliegues mĂłviles, incorporando nuevos grados de flexibilidad y reconfigurabilidad de la Red de Acceso Radio (RAN). En esta tesis, presentamos primero un anĂĄlisis detallado y caracterizaciĂłn de las redes mĂłviles softwarizadas. Consideramos el software como la base de la nueva generaciĂłn de redes celulares y, por lo tanto, analizaremos y caracterizaremos el impacto en la eficiencia energĂ©tica de estos
sistemas. La primera meta de este trabajo es caracterizar las plataformas software disponibles para Radios Definidas por Software (SDR), centrĂĄndonos en las dos soluciones principales de cĂłdigo abierto: OpenAirInterface (OAI) y srsLTE. Como resultado, proveemos una metodologĂa para analizar y caracterizar el rendimiento de estas soluciones en funciĂłn del uso de la CPU, rendimiento de red, compatibilidad y extensibilidad de dicho software. Una vez hemos entendido
quĂ© rendimiento podemos esperar de este tipo de soluciones, estudiamos un prototipo SDR construido con aceleraciĂłn hardware, que emplea una plataformas basada en FPGA. Este prototipo estĂĄ diseñado para incluir capacidad de ser consciente de la energĂa, permiento al sistema ser reconfigurado para minimizar la huella energĂ©tica cuando sea posible. Con el fin de validar el diseño de nuestro sistema, mĂĄs tarde presentamos una plataforma para caracterizar la energĂa que serĂĄ empleada para medir experimentalmente el consumo energĂ©tico de dispositivos reales. En nuestro enfoque, realizamos dos tipos de anĂĄlisis: a pequeña escala de tiempo y a gran escala de tiempo. Por lo tanto, para validar nuestro entorno de medidas, caracterizamos a travĂ©s de anĂĄlisis numĂ©rico los algoritmos para la AdaptaciĂłn de la Tasa (RA) en IEEE 802.11, para entonces comparar
nuestros resultados teĂłricos con los experimentales. A continuaciĂłn extendemos nuestro
anålisis a la plataforma SDR acelerada por hardware previamente mencionada. Nuestros resultados experimentales muestran que nuestra sistema puede en efecto reducir la huella energética reconfigurando el despligue del sistema.
Entonces, la escala de tiempos es elevada y presentamos los esquemas para Recursos bajo Demanda (RoD) en despliegues de red ultra-densos. Esta estrategia estĂĄ basada en apagar/encender
dinĂĄmicamente los elementos que forman la red con el fin de reducir el total del consumo
energĂ©tico. Por lo tanto, presentamos un modelo analĂtico en dos sabores, un modelo exacto que predice el comportamiento del sistema con precisiĂłn pero con un alto coste computacional y uno simplificado que es mĂĄs ligero en complejidad mientras que mantiene la precisiĂłn. Nuestros resultados muestran que estos esquemas pueden efectivamente mejorar la eficiencia energĂ©tica de
los despliegues y mantener la Calidad de Servicio (QoS). Con el fin de probar la plausibilidad
de los esquemas RoD, presentamos un plataforma softwarizada que sigue el paradigma SDN,
OFTEN (OpenFlow framework for Traffic Engineering in mobile Network with energy awareness).
Nuestro diseño estå basado en OpenFlow con funcionalidades para hacerlo consciente de
la energĂa. Finalmente, un prototipo real con esta plataforma es presentando, probando asĂ la plausibilidad de los RoD en despligues reales.The upcoming 5th Generation of mobile systems (5G) is about to revolutionize the industry,
bringing a new architecture oriented to new vertical markets and services. Due to this, the 5G-PPP
has specified a list of Key Performance Indicator (KPI) that 5G systems need to support e.g. increasing
the 1000 times higher data volume, 10 to 100 times more connected devices or 10 times
lower power consumption. In order to achieve these requirements, it is expected to expand the
current deployments using more Points of Attachment (PoA) by increasing their density and by
using multiple wireless technologies. This massive deployment strategy triggers a side effect in
the energy efficiency though, generating a conflict with the â10 times lower power consumptionâ
KPI. In this context, the research community has proposed novel paradigms to achieve the imposed
requirements for 5G systems, being materialized in technologies such as Software Defined
Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV). These new paradigms are the
first step to softwarize the mobile network deployments, enabling new degrees of flexibility and
reconfigurability of the Radio Access Network (RAN).
In this thesis, we first present a detailed analysis and characterization of softwarized mobile
networking. We consider software as a basis for the next generation of cellular networks and
hence, we analyze and characterize the impact on the energy efficiency of these systems. The
first goal of this work is to characterize the available software platforms for Software Defined
Radio (SDR), focusing on the two main open source solutions: OAI and srsLTE. As result, we
provide a methodology to analyze and characterize the performance of these solutions in terms
of CPU usage, network performance, compatibility and extensibility of the software. Once we
have understood the expected performance for such platformsc, we study an SDR prototype built
with hardware acceleration, that employs a FPGA based platform. This prototype is designed
to include energy-awareness capabilites, allowing the system to be reconfigured to minimize the
energy footprint when possible. In order to validate our system design, we later present an energy
characterization platform that we will employ to experimentally measure the energy consumption
of real devices. In our approach, we perform two kind of analysis: at short time scale and large
time scale. Thus, to validate our approach in short time scale and the energy framework, we have
characterized though numerical analysis the Rate Adaptation (RA) algorithms in IEEE 802.11,
and then compare our theoretical results to the obtained ones through experimentation. Next
we extend our analysis to the hardware accelerated SDR prototype previously mentioned. Our experimental results show that our system can indeed reduce the energy footprint reconfiguring
the system deployment.
Then, the time scale of our analysis is elevated and we present Resource-on-Demand (RoD)
schemes for ultradense network deployments. This strategy is based on dynamically switch on/off
the elements that form the network to reduce the overall energy consumption. Hence, we present
a analytic model in two flavors, an exact model that accurately predicts the system behaviour
but high computational cost and a simplified one that is lighter in complexity while keeping the
accuracy. Our results show that these schemes can effectively enhance the energy efficiency of
the deployments and mantaining the Quality of Service (QoS). In order to prove the feasibility of
RoD, we present a softwarized platform that follows the SDN paradigm, the OFTEN (Open Flow
framework for Traffic Engineering in mobile Networks with energy awareness) framework. Our
design is based on OpenFlow with energy-awareness functionalities. Finally, a real prototype of
this framework is presented, proving the feasibility of the RoD in real deployments.FP7-CROWD (2013-2015) CROWD (Connectivity management for eneRgy Optimised Wireless Dense networks).-- H2020-Flex5GWare (2015-2017) Flex5GWare (Flexible and efficient hardware/software platforms for 5G network elements and devices).Programa de Doctorado en IngenierĂa TelemĂĄtica por la Universidad Carlos III de MadridPresidente: Gramaglia , Marco.- Secretario: JosĂ© Nuñez.- Vocal: Fabrizio Giulian
Embedded electronic systems driven by run-time reconfigurable hardware
Abstract
This doctoral thesis addresses the design of embedded electronic systems based on run-time reconfigurable hardware technology âavailable through SRAM-based FPGA/SoC devicesâ aimed at contributing to enhance the life quality of the human beings. This work does research on the conception of the system architecture and the reconfiguration engine that provides to the FPGA the capability of dynamic partial reconfiguration in order to synthesize, by means of hardware/software co-design, a given application partitioned in processing tasks which are multiplexed in time and space, optimizing thus its physical implementation âsilicon area, processing time, complexity, flexibility, functional density, cost and power consumptionâ in comparison with other alternatives based on static hardware (MCU, DSP, GPU, ASSP, ASIC, etc.). The design flow of such technology is evaluated through the prototyping of several engineering applications (control systems, mathematical coprocessors, complex image processors, etc.), showing a high enough level of maturity for its exploitation in the industry.Resumen
Esta tesis doctoral abarca el diseño de sistemas electrĂłnicos embebidos basados en tecnologĂa hardware dinĂĄmicamente reconfigurable âdisponible a travĂ©s de dispositivos lĂłgicos programables SRAM FPGA/SoCâ que contribuyan a la mejora de la calidad de vida de la sociedad. Se investiga la arquitectura del sistema y del motor de reconfiguraciĂłn que proporcione a la FPGA la capacidad de reconfiguraciĂłn dinĂĄmica parcial de sus recursos programables, con objeto de sintetizar, mediante codiseño hardware/software, una determinada aplicaciĂłn particionada en tareas multiplexadas en tiempo y en espacio, optimizando asĂ su implementaciĂłn fĂsica âĂĄrea de silicio, tiempo de procesado, complejidad, flexibilidad, densidad funcional, coste y potencia disipadaâ comparada con otras alternativas basadas en hardware estĂĄtico (MCU, DSP, GPU, ASSP, ASIC, etc.). Se evalĂșa el flujo de diseño de dicha tecnologĂa a travĂ©s del prototipado de varias aplicaciones de ingenierĂa (sistemas de control, coprocesadores aritmĂ©ticos, procesadores de imagen, etc.), evidenciando un nivel de madurez viable ya para su explotaciĂłn en la industria.Resum
Aquesta tesi doctoral estĂ orientada al disseny de sistemes electrĂČnics empotrats basats en tecnologia hardware dinĂ micament reconfigurable âdisponible mitjançant dispositius lĂČgics programables SRAM FPGA/SoCâ que contribueixin a la millora de la qualitat de vida de la societat. Sâinvestiga lâarquitectura del sistema i del motor de reconfiguraciĂł que proporcioni a la FPGA la capacitat de reconfiguraciĂł dinĂ mica parcial dels seus recursos programables, amb lâobjectiu de sintetitzar, mitjançant codisseny hardware/software, una determinada aplicaciĂł particionada en tasques multiplexades en temps i en espai, optimizant aixĂ la seva implementaciĂł fĂsica âĂ rea de silici, temps de processat, complexitat, flexibilitat, densitat funcional, cost i potĂšncia dissipadaâ comparada amb altres alternatives basades en hardware estĂ tic (MCU, DSP, GPU, ASSP, ASIC, etc.). SâevalĂșa el fluxe de disseny dâaquesta tecnologia a travĂ©s del prototipat de varies aplicacions dâenginyeria (sistemes de control, coprocessadors aritmĂštics, processadors dâimatge, etc.), demostrant un nivell de maduresa viable ja per a la seva explotaciĂł a la indĂșstria
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