11,134 research outputs found
Mechanical Design of Superconducting Accelerator Magnets
This paper is about the mechanical design of superconducting accelerator
magnets. First, we give a brief review of the basic concepts and terms. In the
following sections, we describe the particularities of the mechanical design of
different types of superconducting accelerator magnets: solenoids, cos-theta,
superferric, and toroids. Special attention is given to the pre-stress
principle, which aims to avoid the appearance of tensile stresses in the
superconducting coils. A case study on a compact superconducting cyclotron
summarizes the main steps and the guidelines that should be followed for a
proper mechanical design. Finally, we present some remarks on the measurement
techniques.Comment: Presented at the CERN Accelerator School CAS 2013: Superconductivity
for Accelerators, Erice, Italy, 24 April - 4 May 201
Introduction to Machine Protection
Protection of accelerator equipment is as old as accelerator technology and
was for many years related to high-power equipment. Examples are the protection
of powering equipment from overheating (magnets, power converters, high-current
cables), of superconducting magnets from damage after a quench and of
klystrons. The protection of equipment from beam accidents is more recent,
although there was one paper that discussed beam-induced damage for the SLAC
linac (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) as early as in 1967. It is related
to the increasing beam power of high-power proton accelerators, to the emission
of synchrotron light by electron-positron accelerators and to the increase of
energy stored in the beam. Designing a machine protection system requires an
excellent understanding of accelerator physics and operation to anticipate
possible failures that could lead to damage. Machine protection includes beam
and equipment monitoring, a system to safely stop beam operation (e.g. dumping
the beam or stopping the beam at low energy) and an interlock system providing
the glue between these systems. The most recent accelerator, LHC, will operate
with about 3 x 10 protons per beam, corresponding to an energy stored in
each beam of 360 MJ. This energy can cause massive damage to accelerator
equipment in case of uncontrolled beam loss, and a single accident damaging
vital parts of the accelerator could interrupt operation for years. This
lecture will provide an overview of the requirements for protection of
accelerator equipment and introduces various protection systems. Examples are
mainly from LHC and ESS.Comment: 20 pages, contribution to the 2014 Joint International Accelerator
School: Beam Loss and Accelerator Protection, Newport Beach, CA, USA , 5-14
Nov 2014. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1601.0520
Machine Protection
The protection of accelerator equipment is as old as accelerator technology
and was for many years related to high-power equipment. Examples are the
protection of powering equipment from overheating (magnets, power converters,
high-current cables), of superconducting magnets from damage after a quench and
of klystrons. The protection of equipment from beam accidents is more recent.
It is related to the increasing beam power of high-power proton accelerators
such as ISIS, SNS, ESS and the PSI cyclotron, to the emission of synchrotron
light by electron-positron accelerators and FELs, and to the increase of energy
stored in the beam (in particular for hadron colliders such as LHC). Designing
a machine protection system requires an excellent understanding of accelerator
physics and operation to anticipate possible failures that could lead to
damage. Machine protection includes beam and equipment monitoring, a system to
safely stop beam operation (e.g. dumping the beam or stopping the beam at low
energy) and an interlock system providing the glue between these systems. The
most recent accelerator, the LHC, will operate with about 3x10 14 protons per
beam, corresponding to an energy stored in each beam of 360 MJ. This energy can
cause massive damage to accelerator equipment in case of uncontrolled beam
loss, and a single accident damaging vital parts of the accelerator could
interrupt operation for years. This article provides an overview of the
requirements for protection of accelerator equipment and introduces the various
protection systems. Examples are mainly from LHC, SNS and ESS.Comment: 23 pages, contribution to the CAS - CERN Accelerator School: Advanced
Accelerator Physics Course, Trondheim, Norway, 18-29 Aug 201
Fundamental of cryogenics (for superconducting RF technology)
This review briefly illustrates a few fundamental concepts of cryogenic
engineering, the technological practice that allows reaching and maintaining
the low-temperature operating conditions of the superconducting devices needed
in particle accelerators. To limit the scope of the task, and not to duplicate
coverage of cryogenic engineering concepts particularly relevant to
superconducting magnets that can be found in previous CAS editions, the
overview presented in this course focuses on superconducting radio-frequency
cavities.Comment: 20 pages, contribution to the CAS - CERN Accelerator School: Course
on High Power Hadron Machines; 24 May - 2 Jun 2011, Bilbao, Spai
Technologies for Delivery of Proton and Ion Beams for Radiotherapy
Recent developments for the delivery of proton and ion beam therapy have been
significant, and a number of technological solutions now exist for the creation
and utilisation of these particles for the treatment of cancer. In this paper
we review the historical development of particle accelerators used for external
beam radiotherapy and discuss the more recent progress towards more capable and
cost-effective sources of particles.Comment: 53 pages, 13 figures. Submitted to International Journal of Modern
Physics
Planning the Future of U.S. Particle Physics (Snowmass 2013): Chapter 6: Accelerator Capabilities
These reports present the results of the 2013 Community Summer Study of the
APS Division of Particles and Fields ("Snowmass 2013") on the future program of
particle physics in the U.S. Chapter 6, on Accelerator Capabilities, discusses
the future progress of accelerator technology, including issues for high-energy
hadron and lepton colliders, high-intensity beams, electron-ion colliders, and
necessary R&D for future accelerator technologies.Comment: 26 page
Machine Protection and Interlock Systems for Circular Machines - Example for LHC
This paper introduces the protection of circular particle accelerators from
accidental beam losses. Already the energy stored in the beams for accelerators
such as the TEVATRON at Fermilab and Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN
could cause serious damage in case of uncontrolled beam loss. With the CERN
Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the energy stored in particle beams has reached a
value two orders of magnitude above previous accelerators and poses new threats
with respect to hazards from the energy stored in the particle beams. A single
accident damaging vital parts of the accelerator could interrupt operation for
years. Protection of equipment from beam accidents is mandatory. Designing a
machine protection system requires an excellent understanding of accelerator
physics and operation to anticipate possible failures that could lead to
damage. Machine protection includes beam and equipment monitoring, a system to
safely stop beam operation (e.g. extraction of the beam towards a dedicated
beam dump block or stopping the beam at low energy) and an interlock system
providing the glue between these systems. This lecture will provide an overview
of the design of protection systems for accelerators and introduce various
protection systems. The principles are illustrated with examples from LHC.Comment: 23 pages, contribution to the 2014 Joint International Accelerator
School: Beam Loss and Accelerator Protection, Newport Beach, CA, USA , 5-14
Nov 201
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