Radiation hard FPGA configuration techniques using silicon on sapphire

 Once entirely the domain of space-borne applications, the effects of high energy charged particles on electronics systems is now also a concern for terrestrial devices. Reconfigurable components such as FPGAs are particularly vulnerable to radiation single event effects (SEU) as they carry a large amount of memory within a relatively small amount of circuit area. This thesis presents a Silicon on Insulator (SOI) based configuration memory system in a radiation hard reconfiguration system. The SOI technology used in this particular work is Silicon on Sapphire, where Sapphire is used as the body insulator. A non-volatile storage cell, able to be manufactured in a standard single polysilicon SOI CMOS process with no special layers, is combined with a Schmitt amplifier which result a final structure that exhibits two unique characteristics enhancing its resistance to radiation. Firstly, it is impossible for a radiation induced event to permanently flip the configuration state. Secondly, a partial de-programming resulting in a reduction in the magnitude of the storage cell voltage causes a large change in static current that can be very easily detected using a conventional sense amplifier. A simple current detector of the type used in conventional RAM circuits allows the configuration memory to be set up to exhibit self-correcting, or “auto-scrubbing” behavior. While the combination of SOI EEPROM and Schmitt exhibits high intrinsic resistance to radiation induced errors, it is still possible for a sequence of two particle strikes to cause the configuration value to be lost. Estimates are made of the Soft error Rate (SER) performance of the overall configuration memory structure. A trial layout of a configurable Look Up Table (LUT) is presented as an example of how the SOS EEPROM configuration cell would be deployed in a real system

Sustainable Fault-handling Of Reconfigurable Logic Using Throughput-driven Assessment

A sustainable Evolvable Hardware (EH) system is developed for SRAM-based reconfigurable Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) using outlier detection and group testing-based assessment principles. The fault diagnosis methods presented herein leverage throughput-driven, relative fitness assessment to maintain resource viability autonomously. Group testing-based techniques are developed for adaptive input-driven fault isolation in FPGAs, without the need for exhaustive testing or coding-based evaluation. The techniques maintain the device operational, and when possible generate validated outputs throughout the repair process. Adaptive fault isolation methods based on discrepancy-enabled pair-wise comparisons are developed. By observing the discrepancy characteristics of multiple Concurrent Error Detection (CED) configurations, a method for robust detection of faults is developed based on pairwise parallel evaluation using Discrepancy Mirror logic. The results from the analytical FPGA model are demonstrated via a self-healing, self-organizing evolvable hardware system. Reconfigurability of the SRAM-based FPGA is leveraged to identify logic resource faults which are successively excluded by group testing using alternate device configurations. This simplifies the system architect\u27s role to definition of functionality using a high-level Hardware Description Language (HDL) and system-level performance versus availability operating point. System availability, throughput, and mean time to isolate faults are monitored and maintained using an Observer-Controller model. Results are demonstrated using a Data Encryption Standard (DES) core that occupies approximately 305 FPGA slices on a Xilinx Virtex-II Pro FPGA. With a single simulated stuck-at-fault, the system identifies a completely validated replacement configuration within three to five positive tests. The approach demonstrates a readily-implemented yet robust organic hardware application framework featuring a high degree of autonomous self-control

Evaluation of advanced techniques for structural FPGA self-test

This thesis presents a comprehensive test generation framework for FPGA logic elements and interconnects. It is based on and extends the current state-of-the-art. The purpose of FPGA testing in this work is to achieve reliable reconfiguration for a FPGA-based runtime reconfigurable system. A pre-configuration test is performed on a portion of the FPGA before it is reconfigured as part of the system to ensure that the FPGA fabric is fault-free. The implementation platform is the Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA family. Existing literature in FPGA testing is evaluated and reviewed thoroughly. The various approaches are compared against one another qualitatively and the approach most suitable to the target platform is chosen. The array testing method is employed in testing the FPGA logic for its low hardware overhead and optimal test time. All tests are additionally pipelined to reduce test application time and use a high test clock frequency. A hybrid fault model including both structural and functional faults is assumed. An algorithm for the optimization of the number of required FPGA test configurations is developed and implemented in Java using a pseudo-random set-covering heuristic. Optimal solutions are obtained for Virtex-5 logic slices. The algorithm effort is parameterizable with the number of loop iterations each of which take approximately one second for a Virtex-5 sliceL circuit. A flexible test architecture for interconnects is developed. Arbitrary wire types can be tested in the same test configuration with no hardware overhead. Furthermore, a routing algorithm is integrated with the test template generation to select the wires under test and route them appropriately. Nine test configurations are required to achieve full test coverage for the FPGA logic. For interconnect testing, a local router-based on depth-first graph traversal is implemented in Java as the basis for creating systematic interconnect test templates. Pent wire testing is additionally implemented as a proof of concept. The test clock frequency for all tests exceeds 170 MHz and the hardware overhead is always lower than seven CLBs. All implemented tests are parameterizable such that they can be applied to any portion of the FPGA regardless of size or position