WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK UTILIZING BLUETOOTH LOW POWER FOR MONITORING THE PARAMETERS OF PATIENT

WBAN nodes which have blocked RF links because of body shadowing forward their data while using BCC interact with a node that functions as being a relay and consists of an engaged RF connection. Using this architecture we design a network layer protocol that manages the 2 communication technologies and is the reason relay selection and understanding forwarding. To resolve this issue we present a totally new WBAN architecture that utilizes two communication technologies. One network is created between on-body nodes, that is recognized with capacitive body-combined communication (BCC), while an IEEE 802.15.4 RF (RF) network can be used forwarding data for that gateway. During this paper we're worried about the issue of understanding forwarding within the wireless body area network (WBAN) having a gateway when body shadowing affects ale WBAN nodes to speak to the gateway. Next, we develop analytical performance types of the medium access control (MAC) techniques from the independent communication links to obtain helpful for driving the choices in the last computations. Finally, the analytical models can be used further optimizing energy and delay efficiency. We test our physiques under different designs first by moving out simulations then by using real RF traces

Multi-channel ultra-low-power receiver architecture for body area networks

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-91).In recently published integrated medical monitoring systems, a common thread is the high power consumption of the radio compared to the other system components. This observation is indicative of a natural place to attempt a reduction in system power. Narrowband receivers in-particular can enjoy significant power reduction by employing high-Q bulk acoustic resonators as channel select filters directly at RF, allowing down-stream analog processing to be simplified, resulting in better energy efficiency. But for communications in the ISM bands, it is important to employ multiple frequency channels to permit frequency-division-multiplexing and provide frequency diversity in the face of narrowband interferers. The high-Q nature of the resonators means that frequency tuning to other channels in the same band is nearly impossible; hence, a new architecture is required to address this challenge. A multi-channel ultra-low power OOK receiver for Body Area Networks (BANs) has been designed and tested. The receiver multiplexes three Film Bulk Acoustic Resonators (FBARs) to provide three channels of frequency discrimination, while at the same time offering competitive sensitivity and superior energy efficiency in this class of BAN receivers. The high-Q parallel resonance of each resonator determines the passband. The resonator's Q is on the order of 1000 and its center frequency is approximately 2.5 GHz, resulting in a -3 dB bandwidth of roughly 2.5 MHz with a very steep rolloff. Channels are selected by enabling the corresponding LNA and mixer pathway with switches, but a key benefit of this architecture is that the switches are not in series with the resonator and do not de-Q the resonance. The measured 1E-3 sensitivity is -64 dBm at 1 Mbps for an energy efficiency of 180 pJ/bit. The resonators are packaged beside the CMOS using wirebonds for the prototype.by Phillip Michel Nadeau.S.M

Energy-Efficient Wireless Connectivity and Wireless Charging For Internet-of-Things (IoT) Applications

During the recent years, the Internet-of-Things (IoT) has been rapidly evolving. It is indeed the future of communication that has transformed Things of the real world into smarter devices. To date, the world has deployed billions of “smart” connected things. Predictions say there will be 10’s of billions of connected devices by 2025 and in our lifetime we will experience life with a trillion-node network. However, battery lifespan exhibits a critical barrier to scaling IoT devices. Replacing batteries on a trillion-sensor scale is a logistically prohibitive feat. Self-powered IoT devices seems to be the right direction to stand up to that challenge. The main objective of this thesis is to develop solutions to achieve energy-efficient wireless-connectivity and wireless-charging for IoT applications. In the first part of the thesis, I introduce ultra-low power radios that are compatible with the Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) standard. BLE is considered as the preeminent protocol for short-range communications that support transmission ranges up to 10’s of meters. Number of low power BLE transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) architectures have been designed, fabricated and tested in different planar CMOS and FinFET technologies. The low power operation is achieved by combining low power techniques in both the network and physical layers, namely: backchannel communication, duty-cycling, open-loop transmission/reception, PLL-less architectures, and mixer-first architectures. Further novel techniques have been proposed to further reduce the power the consumption of the radio design, including: a fast startup time and low startup energy crystal oscillators, an antenna-chip co-design approach for quadrature generation in the RF path, an ultra-low power discrete-time differentiator-based Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) demodulation scheme, an oversampling GFSK modulation/demodulation scheme for open loop transmission/reception and packet synchronization, and a cell-based design approach that allows automation in the design of BLE digital architectures. The implemented BLE TXs transmit fully-compliant BLE advertising packet that can be received by commercial smartphone. In the second part of the thesis, I introduce passive nonlinear resonant circuits to achieve wide-band RF energy harvesting and robust wireless power transfer circuits. Nonlinear resonant circuits modeled by the Duffing nonlinear differential equation exhibit interesting hysteresis characteristics in their frequency and amplitude responses that are exploited in designing self-adaptive wireless charging systems. In the magnetic-resonance wireless power transfer scenario, coupled nonlinear resonators are proposed to maintain the power transfer level and efficiency over a range of coupling factors without active feedback control circuitry. Coupling factor depends on the transmission distance, lateral, and angular misalignments between the charging pad and the device. Therefore, nonlinear resonance extends the efficient charging zones of a wireless charger without the requirement for a precise alignment.PHDElectrical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/169842/1/omaratty_1.pd

Communication and energy delivery architectures for personal medical devices

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 219-232).Advances in sensor technologies and integrated electronics are revolutionizing how humans access and receive healthcare. However, many envisioned wearable or implantable systems are not deployable in practice due to high energy consumption and anatomically-limited size constraints, necessitating large form-factors for external devices, or eventual surgical re-implantation procedures for in-vivo applications. Since communication and energy-management sub-systems often dominate the power budgets of personal biomedical devices, this thesis explores alternative usecases, system architectures, and circuit solutions to reduce their energy burden. For wearable applications, a system-on-chip is designed that both communicates and delivers power over an eTextiles network. The transmitter and receiver front-ends are at least an order of magnitude more efficient than conventional body-area networks. For implantable applications, two separate systems are proposed that avoid reimplantation requirements. The first system extracts energy from the endocochlear potential, an electrochemical gradient found naturally within the inner-ear of mammals, in order to power a wireless sensor. Since extractable energy levels are limited, novel sensing, communication, and energy management solutions are proposed that leverage duty-cycling to achieve enabling power consumptions that are at least an order of magnitude lower than previous work. Clinical measurements show the first system demonstrated to sustain itself with a mammalian-generated electrochemical potential operating as the only source of energy into the system. The second system leverages the essentially unlimited number of re-charge cycles offered by ultracapacitors. To ease patient usability, a rapid wireless capacitor charging architecture is proposed that employs a multi-tapped secondary inductive coil to provide charging times that are significantly faster than conventional approaches.by Patrick Philip Mercier.Ph.D

Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Enhancing Power Output by Device Optimisation and Circuit Techniques

Energy harvesting; that is, harvesting small amounts of energy from environmental sources such as solar, air flow or vibrations using small-scale (≈1cm 3 ) devices, offers the prospect of powering portable electronic devices such as GPS receivers and mobile phones, and sensing devices used in remote applications: wireless sensor nodes, without the use of batteries. Numerous studies have shown that power densities of energy harvesting devices can be hundreds of µW; however the literature also reveals that power requirements of many electronic devices are in the mW range. Therefore, a key challenge for the successful deployment of energy harvesting technology remains, in many cases, the provision of adequate power. This thesis aims to address this challenge by investigating two methods of enhancing the power output of a piezoelectric-based vibration energy harvesting device. Cont/d

Piezoelectric energy harvesting : enhancing power output by device optimisation and circuit techniques

Energy harvesting; that is, harvesting small amounts of energy from environmental sources such as solar, air flow or vibrations using small-scale (≈1cm 3 ) devices, offers the prospect of powering portable electronic devices such as GPS receivers and mobile phones, and sensing devices used in remote applications: wireless sensor nodes, without the use of batteries. Numerous studies have shown that power densities of energy harvesting devices can be hundreds of µW; however the literature also reveals that power requirements of many electronic devices are in the mW range. Therefore, a key challenge for the successful deployment of energy harvesting technology remains, in many cases, the provision of adequate power. This thesis aims to address this challenge by investigating two methods of enhancing the power output of a piezoelectric-based vibration energy harvesting device. Cont/d.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

A 2.75mW wideband correlation-based transceiver for body-coupled communication

With the growing number of mobile devices surrounding a person’s body, there is an increasing need to connect this electronic equipment efficiently into a wireless body-area network. In this article we review the body-coupled communications technology, which we show to be a viable basis for future BANs. In BCC, the human body is used as a signal propagation medium, which provides a key benefit — the communication is centered around the user and limited to his or her close proximity, that is, this technology provides human-centric connectivity. This enables unique applications that are illustrated in this work. Moreover, we outline the fundamental properties of the BCC technology and provide different trade-offs and challenges for modulation and protocol design. This article alsodiscusses the outlook for BCC and suggests anumber of important research topics