Removal of nitrogen pollutant from domestic wastewater

Water as a medium for waste transport would be easily contaminated by human activities. Many methods have been proposed to treat contaminated water to protect human health and biodiversity (Z. Daud et al., 2017). Due to upgrade the existing wastewater treatment plant facilities, the typically advanced technologies have been proposed to remove many types of pollutant, effectively (Tchobanoglous, Burton, & Stensel, 2004). The development of wastewater treatment plant needs to be considered leading economic indicators to have low operational and maintenance costs (Lewandowski, 2015; Shammas, Wang, & Wu, 2009). Aerobic digestion (AD) has been known since 1950 as biological wastewater treatment process to treat wastewater by removing the pollutants for instance colloids, organic compounds and suspended solids to avoid the excessive pollutants released into the receiving water (Shammas and Wang, 2007)

A Simple, Quick, and Precise Procedure for the Determination of Water in Organic Solvents

A procedure for the UV/VIS-spectroscopic determination of water by the use of a solvatochromic pyridiniumphenolate betaine is given. The water content of organic solvents is calculated by a two parameter equation from λmax of the dye. A typical, detection limit is of the order of 1 mg in 1 ml solvent for routine spectrometers. The parameters for the determination of water are given for a number of commonly used solvents

New genus, three new species and new records of Herpyllobiidae Hansen, 1892 (Crustacea, Copepoda) parasites of polychaetes from Antarctica

During the Antarctic Polarstern cruises ANT XIX/3 (ANDEEP-I), XIX/5 (LAMPOS), and XXI/2 (BENDEX) new material of symbiotic copepods associated with polynoid polychaetes was collected. Here the authors present results for the highly modified family Herpyllobiidae Hansen, 1892. New records of Herpyllobius antarcticus Vanhöffen, 1913 and Herpyllobius polarsterni López-González, Bresciani and Conradi, 2000 are provided from the eastern Weddell Sea and Bouvet Island respectively. A new species of the genus Eurysilenium Sars, 1870, E. australis, is described from specimens collected at the eastern Weddell Sea. A new genus, Gottoniella gen. nov., is proposed to include two species, G. antarctica sp. nov. and G. andeepi sp. nov., described from material collected from the Weddell Sea and Scotia Arc

Incidencia de variables atmosféricas en la eficiencia de sistemas fototérmicos: caso práctico de implementación en la Cafetería Escuela de ITCA-FEPADE

La energía solar es una fuente renovable y limpia, por lo que debería incrementarse su utilización, ya sea en aplicaciones tan simples como calentar agua, que es la aplicación que se ha implementado en la Escuela Especializada en Ingeniería ITCA-FEPADE. La investigación tenía como objetivo, comprobar la influencia de variables atmosféricas en la eficiencia de un sistema de colectores fototérmicos y cual de ellas, tenía mayor protagonismo, para que de esta forma, hacer recomendaciones para otros proyectos de instalación. El presente informe contiene algunos tópicos pueden ser de mucho interés para las personas que buscan reducir costos en el uso de energía, para nuestro caso, se calculó cuanto podría ser el ahorro calentando agua con gas propano

EITC is vital for working-poor families in rural America

In the 2004 tax year, tax filers claimed almost $40 billion through the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), making the EITC one of the largest federal programs that provides cash supports to low-income working families in the United States. The EITC is especially important to rural families throughout the United States. Among poor and near-poor families, those in rural areas are more likely to be working, and they are more likely to be working in low-wage jobs

Federal Employees: Pension COLAs and Pay Adjustments Since 1969

[Excerpt] Cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs) for retired federal employees and pay adjustments for current federal employees often differ because they are based on changes in different economic variables. Federal retirement and disability benefits are indexed to price increases as measured by the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W), whereas pay adjustments for civilian federal workers are indexed to wage and salary increases in the private sector, as measured by the Employment Cost Index (ECI). Both the CPI-W and the ECI are calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Federal law requires Social Security benefits and pensions paid to retired federal employees to be adjusted for inflation each year. The COLAs for both Social Security and civil service pensions are based on inflation as measured by the CPI-W. Congress has linked COLAs for Social Security and federal retirement benefits to the rate of increase in the prices of goods and services to protect retirement income from losing purchasing power through the effects of inflation. Congress has linked adjustments in federal pay to the ECI so that wages for federal employees will remain competitive with wages paid by firms in the private sector. Under the terms of the Federal Employees\u27 Pay Comparability Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-509), pay for civilian federal employees is adjusted each year to keep the salaries of federal workers competitive with comparable occupations in the private sector. These annual adjustments in federal employee pay—which are distinct from any pay raises associated with within-grade step increases or promotions to a higher pay grade—are based on changes in the cash compensation paid to workers in the private sector, as measured by the ECI. Under certain circumstances, the President may limit the annual increase in federal pay by executive order. In general, wage increases reflect both improvements in the productivity of labor and increases in the general level of prices in the economy. Consequently, when measured over long periods of time, wages tend to rise faster than prices. Because COLAs for retirees do not reflect increases in the productivity of people who are still in the work force, COLAs do not make retirees financially better off. COLAs merely protect retirees from becoming financially worse-off as prices rise over time. In 2011, there will be no automatic COLA for recipients of Social Security benefits or federal civil service pensions because the price level as measured by the CPI-W did not increase over the comparison period. Increases in retirement benefits for retired federal employees were first linked to the CPI-W by law in 1962. Increases in Social Security benefits have been linked by law to changes in the CPI-W since 1973. Before then, Congress periodically adjusted Social Security benefits through legislation. Congress chose to tie increases in these benefits to the CPI-W to make the process less subject to political influences. At year-end 2009, the overall price level as measured by the CPI-W was 477% higher than it was in 1969, which is the index base year chosen for this report\u27s analysis. As of January 2010, Social Security benefits have risen by 626% since 1969, and federal civil service retirement benefits have risen by 496%. Average wages among all workers in the economy have risen by 632% since 1969. Salaries for civilian federal employees have grown by 428% since 1969, and the salaries of members of Congress have increased by 309%. This report is updated annually

Spatiotemporal dynamics on small-world neuronal networks: The roles of two types of time-delayed coupling

We investigate temporal coherence and spatial synchronization on small-world networks consisting of noisy Terman-Wang (TW) excitable neurons in dependence on two types of time-delayed coupling: $\{x_j(t-\tau)-x_i (t)\}$ and $\{x_j(t-\tau)-x_i(t-\tau)\}$. For the former case, we show that time delay in the coupling can dramatically enhance temporal coherence and spatial synchrony of the noise-induced spike trains. In addition, if the delay time $\tau$ is tuned to nearly match the intrinsic spike period of the neuronal network, the system dynamics reaches a most ordered state, which is both periodic in time and nearly synchronized in space, demonstrating an interesting resonance phenomenon with delay. For the latter case, however, we can not achieve a similar spatiotemporal ordered state, but the neuronal dynamics exhibits interesting synchronization transition with time delay from zigzag fronts of excitations to dynamic clustering anti-phase synchronization (APS), and further to clustered chimera states which have spatially distributed anti-phase coherence separated by incoherence. Furthermore, we also show how these findings are influenced by the change of the noise intensity and the rewiring probability. Finally, qualitative analysis is given to illustrate the numerical results.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figure