Catégorisation et stigmatisation policières á Sheffield au milieu du XIXe siècle [Numbering crimes and measuring space: policing Sheffield in the mid-nineteenth century]

The city in the nineteenth century was often defined as a place of crime: yet from within, the its authorities sought to represent crime as something external to it. The presentation of the criminal statistical returns of the English city of Sheffield can be shown to be distorted in several ways, all of which were consistent with the project of rendering the criminal as firmly 'other'. The town's returns followed the national requirement of establishing numbers of 'resident criminals' and their haunts, but it also went beyond this. Information about residence, ethnicity and literacy was presented in a way that tried to set a boundary between the 'true' city and the people in it who were deemed to be committing the majority of crime. The tactic of labelling was pursued in an effort to symbolically isolate a discrete 'criminal class'. In addition, the mania for sub-division of certain sorts of crime replaced worryingly large numbers of total crimes committed with reassuringly small numbers of crimes that fell into small sub-categories. The returns were a conscious project to create an image of an incorruptible and professional police force successfully securing and thus separating the city from a crime threat that was mainly external, 'alien' or safely under surveillance

Domestic Violence and Birth Control Sabotage: A Report From The Teen Parent Project

Although recent research has contributed greatly to our knowledge of teen pregnancy and the conditions under which girls become parents, the relationship between teen girls' ability to control their reproductive behavior and the prevalence of domestic violence in their sexual relationships has been little explored. Previous work with domestic violence victims seeking to move from welfare to work led us to suspect that domestic violence may be causally related to teen pregnancy, and that this situation would be particularly acute for low-income teens. Therefore, the Center for Impact Research set out to see to what extent pregnancy among low income teens was due to coerced and unprotected sexual relations, sabotage of birth control arrangements and the general pressure to choose between having children and the continuation of the relationship

XMM-Newton and Swift observations of XTE J1743-363

XTEJ1743-363 is a poorly known hard X-ray transient, that displays short and intense flares similar to those observed from Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients. The probable optical counterpart shows spectral properties similar to those of an M8 III giant, thus suggesting that XTEJ1743-363 belongs to the class of the Symbiotic X-ray Binaries. In this paper we report on the first dedicated monitoring campaign of the source in the soft X-ray range with XMM-Newton and Swift/XRT. T hese observations confirmed the association of XTEJ1743-363 with the previously suggested M8 III giant and the classification of the source as a member of the Symbiotic X-ray binaries. In the soft X-ray domain, XTEJ1743-363 displays a high absorption (~6x10^22 cm^-2 ) and variability on time scales of hundreds to few thousand seconds, typical of wind accreting systems. A relatively faint flare (peak X-ray flux 3x10^-11 erg/cm^2/s) lasting ~4 ks is recorded during the XMM-Newton observation and interpreted in terms of the wind accretion scenario.Comment: Accepted for publication on A&

Check-list of European Orthoptera

List of all 974 recognized species of Ensifera (Tettigonioidea: 458, Rhaphidophoroidea: 44, Grylloidea: 91) and Caelifera (Tetrigoidea: 12, Tridactyloidea: 6, Acridoidea: 363) in Europe including information about their distribution.Aufstellung aller 974 derzeitig anerkannten Arten der Ensifera (Tettigonioidea: 458, Rhaphidophoroidea: 44, Grylloidea: 91) and Caelifera (Tetrigoidea: 12, Tridactyloidea: 6, Acridoidea: 363) in Europa mit Angabe der Verbreitungsgebiete

The CAG trinucleotide repeat length in the androgen receptor does not predict the early onset of prostate cancer

Objective To relate the repeat length of the androgen-receptor CAG trinucleotide to the age of onset of prostate cancer, stage and grade of disease. Patients and methods After obtaining ethical approval, 265 patients with locally confined or locally advanced/metastatic prostate cancer were identified and evaluated for age at diagnosis (less than 65 years and greater than 75 years). DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes and 1 mug aliquots subjected to polymerase chain reaction using fluorescently labelled primers. Samples were then run on an ABI 377 gene scan analysis gel with an internal molecular weight marker. The length of the CAG repeat was determined by comparing the gene scan product size to samples where the CAG repeat length had been quantified using direct sequencing. The Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon two sample tests were used to analyse the data. Results The mean (range) length of the CAG repeat in the androgen receptor was 22.2 (10-31) in the younger and 22.5 (16-32) in the older group, and was not statistically different. There was no significant association between the CAG repeat length and the age of onset of prostate cancer (P = 0.568) or with stage (P = 0.577) and grade (P = 0.891) of prostate cancer. Conclusion These results suggest that there is no correlation between the androgen receptor CAG repeat length and the age of onset, stage and grade of prostate cancer, confirming recent doubts from other similar studies of a suggested correlation between shorter androgen receptor CAG repeat and early onset and aggressiveness of prostate cancer

Molecular studies on a complex of potyviruses infecting solanaceous crops, and some specific virus-host interactions

This thesis constitutes a comprehensive analysis of the molecular and biological characteristics of three potyviruses (genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) naturally occurring in cultivated and wild species of family Solanaceae: Peru tomato virus (PTV), Potato virus V (PVV) and Wild potato mosaic virus (WPMV). In addition, the studies presented in this thesis focus on the genetic variability of isolates of PTV and PVV and on the role of the Potato virus A (PVA) 6K2 protein as a host-specific determinant of virus movement and symptom induction. Determination of the complete genomic sequences of PVV, PTV and WPMV demonstrated that these viruses are typical members of the genus Potyvirus. Furthermore, comparison of the polyprotein amino acid sequences and the biological and serological characteristics of these three viruses supported their current taxonomic position as independent species of the genus Potyvirus. The nucleotide sequences of the P1 protein, coat protein and non-translated regions of European and South American PVV isolates were determined and compared. Results showed limited genetic variability among the European isolates, in contrast to the higher variability found among the South American isolates of PVV. Phylogenetic analysis defined two distinct clusters, grouping the European isolates together but placing two South American isolates to a different group; these two isolates of PVV did not induce a hypersensitive response in an Nv gene-carrying potato cultivar in contrast to the European PVV isolates. Thus, European and South American PVV isolates belong to different strain groups. In addition, great genetic variability was detected among PTV isolates. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships among PTV, PVV, WPMV and other members of the genus Potyvirus commonly found infecting solanaceous crop plants showed that PTV, PVV and WPMV are the most closely related viruses which together with Potato virus Y, Pepper mottle virus, Pepper severe mosaic virus and Pepper yellow mosaic virus constitute a group distinguishable from other potyviruses. Thus, members of this group seem to share a common ancestor. The 6K2 protein of PVA was modified by deleting various portions or by introducing six histidine residues (6xHis) into various positions of this protein. These modifications disturbed functions required for viral infection in Nicotiana tabacum. Furthermore, inoculation of the insertion constructs to N. benthamiana plants did not result in systemic infection with the exception of one plant. This plant lacked typical PVA symptoms but had virus titers similar to the plants infected with the wild type virus: a single point mutation (Gly2 ® Cys2) in the 6xHis-containing 6K2 had restored the viral movement functions. However, partial deletion of the 6xHis-tag to gain the original size of the 6K2 protein was required to restore the induction of symptoms in N. benthamiana and to enable systemic infection of N. tabacum. Taken together, these results indicate the 6K2 is a host-specific determinant for long-distance movement and exemplify that mutations that arise during viral propagation represent a mechanisms by which viruses can evolve and adapt to different hosts

The challenges of intersectionality: Researching difference in physical education

Researching the intersection of class, race, gender, sexuality and disability raises many issues for educational research. Indeed, Maynard (2002, 33) has recently argued that ‘difference is one of the most significant, yet unresolved, issues for feminist and social thinking at the beginning of the twentieth century’. This paper reviews some of the key imperatives of working with ‘intersectional theory’ and explores the extent to these debates are informing research around difference in education and Physical Education (PE). The first part of the paper highlights some key issues in theorising and researching intersectionality before moving on to consider how difference has been addressed within PE. The paper then considers three ongoing challenges of intersectionality – bodies and embodiment, politics and practice and empirical research. The paper argues for a continued focus on the specific context of PE within education for its contribution to these questions

The first signs of language: Phonological development in British sign language

A total of 1018 signs in one deaf child’s naturalistic interaction with her deaf mother, between the ages 19-24 months were analysed. This study summarises regular modification processes in the phonology of the child sign’s handshape, location, movement and prosody. Firstly changes to signs were explained by the notion of phonological markedness. Secondly, the child managed her production of first signs through two universal processes: structural change and substitution. Constraints unique to the visual modality also caused sign language specific acquisition patterns, namely: more errors for handshape articulation in locations in peripheral vision, a high frequency of whole sign repetitions and feature group rather than one-to-one phoneme substitutions as in spoken language development