Priscianus Grammatius Caesariensis. Institutes Grammaticarum Cum Glossis Marginalibus Et Interlinearibus Fragmentus SAEC. X Exeuntis

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A review of the APC and CPD requirements of five built environment professional bodies

Built environment higher education is significantly concerned with education for the professions. This is reflected in the substantial number of professionally accredited built environment degree courses and by the fact that degree course study underpins a significant route to membership of many professional institutions. This working paper reviews the entry requirements – the assessment of professional competence (APC) - and the continuous professional development (CPD) requirements of five built environment professional institutions. The five professional institutions included within this review are: § Association of Building Engineers (ABE); § Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB); § Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA); § Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS); and § Royal Town Planners Institute (RTPI). These Professional Institutions accredit a significant number of Built Environment courses and are all members of the Construction Industry Council (CIC). The review provides a consolidated source of reference for tutors, higher education applicants, students and graduates of accredited built environment courses, novice professionals working towards professional membership and current professional body members undertaking CPD activities

Tanzania Joint Health Technical Review 2002:final report HIV/AIDS

\ud Tanzania has a HIV epidemic at an estimated range of approximately 12% of the adult population (15-49 years) being infected. The epidemic is still increasing and there are few signs that the epidemic will level off in the near future. Until 2000 the response to the epidemic was the responsibility of NACP, the National AIDS Control Programme, within the MoH. As the epidemic and the insight of the impact of the epidemic on society progressed the health approach changed to a multi-sectoral response – still led by the MoH. However, as in other countries with a significant HIV epidemic it was decided to move the response of the epidemic to the highest level of government. The multi-sectoral approach thus underwent a transformation from a strategy of the MoH to a strategy of GOT by placing the responsibility under the Prime Ministers’ Office. In this transition the TACAIDS was formed to provide the leadership of GOT’s fight on HIV/AIDS in 2001. TACAIDS is placed within the PM’s Office and has slowly started to become operational. In January 2002 the commissioners were appointed and the first meeting will take place in February. The NACP is undergoing a transformation from being the body for the national response of all sectors in society to be part of the response from the MoH. The new role of NACP is still being developed, but it has been decided that the NACP in the future will operate under the authority of the CMO in the MoH. The task within the health sector is huge since the health sector is the first to be impacted by the epidemic and many of the cost-effective preventive measures to combat the epidemic, such as STI treatment, and the care of an increasing number of people being sick and dying from HIV/AIDS, fall on this sector to be appropriately dealt with in partnership with civil society and other stakeholders. The timing of the mission is appropriate as far as HIV/AIDS is concerned. Great expectations are attached to TACAIDS to ensure leadership and the MoH can now concentrate on improving the provision of services in the health sector where it has a comparative advantage. At the same time new money are being made available from the donors in the basket fund for district health services and new resources are soon going to be available for HIV/AIDS activities: the Global Fund for AIDS, the HIPC money, and the TMAP – perhaps effective from 2003. The opportunity to consolidate the achievements in the health sector has never been greater. It is the objectives of the review to assess the performance of the health sector’s response to HIV/AIDS; main challenges regarding the consequences and combat of HIV/AIDS; and based on this recommend actions in the short and medium term. The scope of work includes a review the performance of the National Aids Control Programme \ud and the opportunities lying ahead for TACAIDS. Further the review on HIV/AIDS will assess constraints and opportunities within the health sector with regard to both preventive and care interventions including MTCT and HAART treatment. The response is assessed with regard to the capacity of the health care sector. In all these areas the following should be considered: Experience within Tanzania with a view to possible best practices and lessons learned. Cost implications should be considered, with a particular view to opportunity cost in areas where there would be a choice. Private sector possible contribution and specific problems The team, Adeline Kimambo, medical doctor and Anita Alban, health economist, hold international and national experience in the field of HIV/AIDS. The team carried out a review of \ud existing documentation, including policies and guidelines, and interviews were carried out with key people within MOH, PORALG, TACAIDS and civil society (NGOs for PLWHA). Further a field trip was undertaken to a district that is part of the health sector reform process. For the Health District Reform to succeed it needs an effective facilitated response from the MoH and cooperation from all stakeholders in the process – not least PRORALG. The report reflects this approach by reviewing and assessing both the new opportunities and obstacles of the MoH in the transition from a multi-sectoral response to a consolidated health sector response and the progress of the decentralisation process at district level. Further the team has made a strategic choice in focusing on the HIV/AIDS interventions that can make a significant difference if scaled up. In the time available for the team a choice also had to be made between assessing MTCT interventions and the introduction of anti-retroviral drugs into the care agenda. We chose the latter since it is the greatest investment challenge to the MoH.\u

The Effectiveness of Intravenous Admixture Training in a Private Hospital in Surabaya

In this hospital, the nurses face intravenous (iv) admixture problems in preparing and delivering iv injection and/or infusion to patients due to their limited background knowledge of drug stability and incompatibility. The nurses lack comprehension in maintaining the physical and chemical stability of the drugs. When stability is disrupted, incompatibility may occur. The incompatibility will diminish the effectiveness and the safety of drugs. Six small classes are conducted at the hospital, with 184 total attendants. There are three sessions: i. drug stability, ii. iv injection or infusion delivery, iii. case study (preparing and delivering several iv injections and/or infusions). The effectiveness of iv admixture training was evaluated through questionnaires and formative test (pre-test and post-test sessions). A process evaluation is based on both a 5-point Likert scale questionnaires and pencil and paper test distributed for each session. The nurses awareness of iv drug incompability, as an impact of the training, is showed through a percentage of pharmaceutical queries before and after training

500 Kilovolt Cathode Rays

The high potential x-ray tube at the California Institute has been modified so as to permit either x-rays or cathode rays to be produced. Electron currents up to 35 microamperes have been obtained through an aluminum window. A typical magnetic velocity spectrum of the high speed electrons passing out of an aluminum window is presented. The high velocity limit corresponds to about 500 kilovolts when the transformer voltage is 600 kilovolts peak. The velocity spectrum appears to be continuous and no absorption anomalies due to aluminum and lead foil are evident. The time required to obtain a velocity spectrum was reduced to a few minutes by allowing the electrons after being magnetically deflected, to pass through a copper foil into the air. The outside of the foil is coated with calcium tungstate and the photographic plate is placed in contact with the tungstate. It is noted that part of the photographic action of the high speed electrons is due to fluorescence of the glass backing of the photographic plates

Crime and Punishment in the "American Dream"

We observe that countries where belief in the "American dream" (i.e., effort pays) prevails also set harsher punishment for criminals. We know from previous work that beliefs are also correlated with several features of the economic system (taxation, social insurance, etc). Our objective is to study the joint determination of these three features (beliefs, punitiveness and economic system) in a way that replicates the observed empirical patterns. We present a model where beliefs determine the types of contracts that firms offer and whether workers exert effort. Some workers become criminals, depending on their luck in the labor market, the expected punishment, and an individual shock that we call "meanness". It is this meanness level that a penal system based on "retribution" tries to detect when deciding the severity of the punishment. We find that when initial beliefs differ, two equilibria can emerge out of identical fundamentals. In the "American" (as opposed to the "French") equilibrium, belief in the "American dream" is commonplace, workers exert effort, there are high powered contracts (and income is unequally distributed) and punishments are harsh. Economists who believe that deterrence (rather than retribution) shapes punishment can interpret the meanness parameter as pessimism about future economic opportunities and verify that two similar equilibria emerge.beliefs; multiple equilibria; illegal behavior; fines; sentences