Kiri C. P. Pajol'ile

Vaudoncourt, Frederic Francois Guillaume de, 1772-1845, prantsuse kindral, sõjakirjanikPajol, Claude Pierre, 1772-1844, prantsuse kindralPalub võtta põgenikku Itaaliast välisleegion

Періодизація та напрямки діяльності адмірала М. Мордвінова на Півдні України у останній чверті ХVIII – поч. ХIХ ст.

У статті розглянуто основні аспекти діяльності Миколи Семеновича Мордвінова (1754 – 1845)на території сучасної Південної України. Авторкою розроблено власну періодизацію діяльності Мордвінова з 1772 р. і до самої його смерті. Простежено напрямки діяльності адмірала з розбудови Чорноморського флоту, промислової інфраструктури Півдня, заселення його території. Зроблено висновки щодо внеску цього державного діяча Російської імперії у розбудову краю.В статье рассмотрены основные аспекты деятельности Николая Семеновича Мордвинова (1754 – 1845) на территории современной Южной Украины. Автором разработана собственная периодизация деятельности Мордвинова с 1772 г. и до самой его смерти. Прослежены направления деятельности адмирала по развитию Черноморского флота, промышленной инфраструктуры Юга, заселения его территории. Сделаны выводы относительно вклада этого государственного деятеля Российской империи в развитие края.The article describes the main aspects of NikolaySemenovichMordvinov’s activity (1754 – 1845) on the territory of modernSouthern Ukraine. The author has developed her own periods of Mordvinov`s activity from 1772up to his death. The article traces the activities of the admiral for the development of the Black Sea Fleet, the industrial infrastructure of the South, the settling of its territory. Conclusions about the contribution of this statesman of the Russian Empire to the development of the region were drawn

Gregorio Tagle a Francisco Antonio de Beláustegui

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Free banking : the Scottish experience as a model for emerging economies

The notion of free banking is at least as difficult to define as the notion of central banking. The author focuses on a relatively unregulated banking system that operated in Scotland in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He argues that a relatively unregulated system is a wise option for emerging markets today. In terms of private institutions and monitoring: 1) a private clearing system is feasible; and 2) so are private development and enforcement of capital and liquidity standards. Financial institutions have strong private incentives to create their own clearingsystem, to benefit both banks and the public, and will develop standards for capital, liquidity and prudential management by doing so. Competition is generally compatible with prudence and coordination. There are private alternatives to deposit insurance or to a central bank to maintain confidence in and foster the stability of the financial system: 1) sophisticated note and deposit contracts are feasible; 2) free entry is important to encourage innovation; and 3) branching and portfolio diversification can substitute for deposit insurance to stabilize the banking system. So can"extended"liability. Another alternative is the"option clause"or other contingent or equity-like contracts, which can solve or minimize the problem of bank runs. Therefore, an explicit central bank may not be needed, but rather mechanisms to provide added liquidity, perhaps through the clearing system, in times of trouble.Financial Intermediation,Payment Systems&Infrastructure,Banks&Banking Reform,Financial Crisis Management&Restructuring,Labor Policies,Education for the Knowledge Economy,Banks&Banking Reform,Financial Intermediation,Financial Crisis Management&Restructuring,Economic Theory&Research

India's De-Industrialization Under British Rule: New Ideas, New Evidence

India was a major player in the world export market for textiles in the early 18th century, but by the middle of the 19th century it had lost all of its export market and much of its domestic market. Other local industries also suffered some decline, and India underwent secular de-industrialization as a consequence. While India produced about 25 percent of world industrial output in 1750, this figure fell to only 2 percent by 1900. We use an open, specific-factor model to organize our thinking about the relative role played by domestic and foreign forces in India’s de-industrialization. The construction of new relative price evidence is central to our analysis. We document trends in the ratio of export to import prices (the external terms of trade) from 1800 to 1913, and that of tradable to non-tradable goods and own-wages in the tradable sectors going back to 1765. With this new relative price evidence in hand, we ask how much of the de-industrialization was due to local supply-side influences (such as the demise of the Mughal empire) and how much to world price shocks (such as world market integration and rapid productivity advance in European manufacturing), both of which had to deal with an offset – the huge net transfer from India to Britain before 1815. Whether the Indian de-industrialization shocks and responses were big or small is then assessed by comparisons with other parts of the periphery.

India's De-Industrialization Under British Rule: New Ideas, New Evidence

India was a major player in the world export market for textiles in the early 18th century, but by the middle of the 19th century it had lost all of its export market and much of its domestic market. Other local industries also suffered some decline, and India underwent secular de-industrialization as a consequence. While India produced about 25 percent of world industrial output in 1750, this figure fell to only 2 percent by 1900. We use an open, specific-factor model to organize our thinking about the relative role played by domestic and foreign forces in India's de-industrialization. The construction of new relative price evidence is central to our analysis. We document trends in the ratio of export to import prices (the external terms of trade) from 1800 to 1913, and that of tradable to non-tradable goods and own-wages in the tradable sectors going back to 1765. With this new relative price evidence in hand, we ask how much of the de-industrialization was due to local supply-side influences (such as the demise of the Mughal empire) and how much to world price shocks (such as world market integration and rapid productivity advance in European manufacturing), both of which had to deal with an offset the huge net transfer from India to Britain before 1815. Whether the Indian de-industrialization shocks and responses were big or small is then assessed by comparisons with other parts of the periphery.

Observations on some Tasmanian fishes: Part XXIX

REGALECIDAE. Regalecus glesne Ascanius, 1772: recent local stranding. TRACHIPTERIDAE. A comprehensive study has been made of seven Tasmanian dealfish determined as Trachipterus arawatae Clarke, 1881. Unfortunate misapprehensions by Australasian authors of the status of the genera Trachipterus Gouan, 1770, Desmodema Walters & Fitch, 1960 and Zu Walters & Fitch, 1960 have led to widespread and continued confusion regarding deal fishes in the local literature: a chronological synopsis of emended names is provided. the genus Zu is here recorded for the first time from Australian waters, a specimen from Stanley being provisionally determined as Z. cristatus (Bonelli, 1820). EMMELICHTHYIDAE. Emmelichthys nitidus Richardson, 1845: general observations on an example about two-thirds grown. PEMPHERIDAE. Parapriacanthus elongatus (McCulloch, 1911): general observations, special reference to coloration. SOLEIDAE. Zebrias fasciata (Macleay, 1882): two additional local records; some unusual features