6 research outputs found

    Strangers in the Room: Unpacking Perceptions of 'Smartness' and Related Ethical Concerns in the Home

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    The increasingly widespread use of 'smart' devices has raised multifarious ethical concerns regarding their use in domestic spaces. Previous work examining such ethical dimensions has typically either involved empirical studies of concerns raised by specific devices and use contexts, or alternatively expounded on abstract concepts like autonomy, privacy or trust in relation to 'smart homes' in general. This paper attempts to bridge these approaches by asking what features of smart devices users consider as rendering them 'smart' and how these relate to ethical concerns. Through a multimethod investigation including surveys with smart device users (n=120) and semi-structured interviews (n=15), we identify and describe eight types of smartness and explore how they engender a variety of ethical concerns including privacy, autonomy, and disruption of the social order. We argue that this middle ground, between concerns arising from particular devices and more abstract ethical concepts, can better anticipate potential ethical concerns regarding smart devices.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure. To appear in the Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS '20

    ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ฒœ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์— ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ง€๋Šฅ์ •๋ณด์œตํ•ฉํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ์ด์ค‘์‹.Music service is a core domain in Voice User Interface (VUI). According to the survey, music is one of the most used services by smart speaker users, and the frequency of use is also the highest. Thus, the music experience can affect entry into or exit of the voice user interface. It is necessary to understand the music experience of the voice user interface only. In voice user interface, a single query triggers an auto-generated music stream. Unlike mobile interface, search and playback occur simultaneously without an exploration step. That is, by one query, the top results and related songs are played as a stream. To understand the music experience of voice user interface, it is necessary to understand the query input by users. Depending on the type of query, the user expectations for the recommendation are different (e.g., Play calm jazz vs. Play music). The gap between user expectations and actual results can affect the experience. In a positive case, it may lead to serendipity to discover new songs. But in a negative case, it may lead to distrust of recommendations or deterioration in the use of voice user interface. This study aims to understand the types of queries in the music domain of voice user interface, and to identify the elements that users expect from recommendation streams for each type of query. This study conducted two major investigations. The purpose of the primary investigation is to understand the types of queries used in the music domain of voice user interface. 2,723 music-related logs were collected from 9 smart speaker users, and music queries were classified based on previous study. As a result, music queries were largely classified into three categories: 1) SQ (Specific Query), request by song or artist, 2) NSQ (Non-Specific Query), no criteria presented, 3) DQ (Descriptive Query), mood or genre description. As a result of log analysis, the number and timing of re-queries were different for each query type. As a result of the log-based interview, intention and satisfaction were different depending on the query type. The purpose of the secondary investigation is to find out what users expect from recommendation for each type of query. 27 participants were given an ESM(Experience Sampling Method) task that triggers music using voice user interface for five days, and expectations of music recommendation were collected on a 5-point scale through a questionnaire. Survey responses were collected for a total of 290 queries, and the following characteristics were derived: 1) SQ โ€“ Songs with high relevance within the expectation were desired, and satisfaction was high. 2) NSQ, DQ โ€“ Novel, diverse, serendipitous songs were desired. Satisfaction was low. Based on the results of this study, the following was discussed. First, the music experience of voice user interface is significantly different in three points โ€” background listening, absence of visibility, possibility of recognition error. This allows users to strategically select queries. Second, based on the user expectations, we propose a design method for recommendation streams for each query type. This study identified the types of music queries used in voice user interface, and confirmed user expectations of recommendation by query type. In addition, we revealed the characteristics of music queries and experiences in voice user interface, and suggested music recommendation direction for each query type.์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์Œ์•… ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์Œ์•…์€ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์Šคํ”ผ์ปค ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹น ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋นˆ๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์ธ ๋งŒํผ, ์Œ์•… ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์˜ ์ž…๋ฌธ ๋˜๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋งŒ์˜ ์Œ์•… ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์—์„œ์˜ ์Œ์•…์€, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž๋™ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์Œ์•… ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ (์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์ž…๋ ฅ) > ํƒ์ƒ‰ (๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ํƒ์ƒ‰) > ์žฌ์ƒ (๊ณก ํด๋ฆญ)์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ํƒ์ƒ‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰๊ณผ ์žฌ์ƒ์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์œ„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ด€ ๊ณก๋“ค์ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋งŒ์˜ ์Œ์•… ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. (e.g., ์‹ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์žฌ์ฆˆ ํ‹€์–ด์ค˜ VS ์Œ์•… ํ‹€์–ด์ค˜) ์ด๋•Œ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์น˜์™€ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด ํฌ๋ฉด, ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๋ Œ๋””ํ”ผํ‹ฐ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ถ”์ฒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ €ํ•˜๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์˜ ์Œ์•… ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ณ„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์ฒœ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์Œ์•… ์ถ”์ฒœ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ•จ์˜์ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์˜ ์Œ์•… ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์Šคํ”ผ์ปค ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž 9๋ช…์˜ 3๊ฐœ์›” ์น˜ ์Œ์•… ๊ด€๋ จ ๋กœ๊ทธ 2,723๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ํ›„, ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์Œ์•…์„ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์Œ์•… ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค: 1) SQ - Specific Query, ๊ณก์ด๋‚˜ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์š”์ฒญ, 2) NSQ - Non-Specific Query, ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ, 3) DQ - Descriptive Query, ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์žฅ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ. ๋กœ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ณ„๋กœ ์žฌ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ํšŸ์ˆ˜์™€ ์‹œ์ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœํ™” ์˜๋„์™€ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ฒœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 5์ผ ๋™์•ˆ 27๋ช…์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋กœ ์Œ์•…์„ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ESM ํƒœ์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Œ์•… ์ถ”์ฒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์™€ ์ธ์‹์„ 5์  ์ฒ™๋„๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ 290๊ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์™€ ์ธ์‹ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ด ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋„์ถœ๋๋‹ค: 1) SQ - ์˜ˆ์ƒ ๋‚ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋†’์€ ๊ณก๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์Œ. 2) NSQ - ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€, ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ, ์˜์™ธ์„ฑ ๋†’์€ ๊ณก๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๊ด€์šฉ์ ์ž„. 3) DQ - ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€, ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ, ์˜์™ธ์„ฑ ๋†’์€ ๊ณก๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์—„๊ฒฉํ•จ. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ, ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์˜ ์Œ์•… ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๊ธฐ์กด๊ณผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ (๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์  ์ฒญ์ทจ, ์ผ๋žŒ์„ฑ ๋ถ€์žฌ, ์ธ์‹ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ), ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ณ„ ์ถ”์ฒœ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ์–ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์Œ์•… ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ถ”์ฒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์™€ ์ธ์‹์„ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ณ„๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์Œ์•… ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ , ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ณ„ ์Œ์•… ์ถ”์ฒœ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  7 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 7 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  9 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 10 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 10 1.1 ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์˜ ๋ชจ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 1.2 ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์˜ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์Œ์•… ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ์™€ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ 14 2.1 ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 2.2 ์Œ์•… ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ์™€ ํ–‰๋™ 2.3 ์Œ์•… ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์Œ์•… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 18 3.1 ์Œ์•… ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์กฐ์‚ฌ 3.2 ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์Œ์•… ์ถ”์ณ” ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒ™๋„ ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 21 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 21 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 22 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ 1์ฐจ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 23 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 23 1.1 ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์ง‘ 1.3 ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1.3.1 ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 1.3.2 ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ณ„ ํŒจํ„ด ๋ถ„์„ ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 29 2.1 ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ˜• 2.2 ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ณ„ ์žฌ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ํŒจํ„ด 2.3 ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ณ„ ๋ฐœํ™” ์˜๋„์™€ ๋งŒ์กฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  34 โ€ƒ ์ œ 5 ์žฅ 2์ฐจ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 36 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 36 1.1 ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์ง‘ 1.3 ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 44 2.1 ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ ์ธ์‹ 2.2 ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ 2.3 ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ํ•˜์œ„ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  48 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๋…ผ์˜ 49 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์˜ ์Œ์•… ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ํŠน์„ฑ 49 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์˜ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ ๋ณ„ ์ถ”์ฒœ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ ์ œ์–ธ 53 ์ œ 7 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  55 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์š”์•ฝ 55 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 57 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์˜์˜ 58 ๋ถ€๋ก 59 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 63์„

    Supporting Voice-Based Natural Language Interactions for Information Seeking Tasks of Various Complexity

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    Natural language interfaces have seen a steady increase in their popularity over the past decade leading to the ubiquity of digital assistants. Such digital assistants include voice activated assistants, such as Amazon's Alexa, as well as text-based chat bots that can substitute for a human assistant in business settings (e.g., call centers, retail / banking websites) and at home. The main advantages of such systems are their ease of use and - in the case of voice-activated systems - hands-free interaction. The majority of tasks undertaken by users of these commercially available voice-based digital assistants are simple in nature, where the responses of the agent are often determined using a rules-based approach. However, such systems have the potential to support users in completing more complex and involved tasks. In this dissertation, I describe experiments investigating user behaviours when interacting with natural language systems and how improvements in design of such systems can benefit the user experience. Currently available commercial systems tend to be designed in a way to mimic superficial characteristics of a human-to-human conversation. However, the interaction with a digital assistant differs significantly from the interaction between two people, partly due to limitations of the underlying technology such as automatic speech recognition and natural language understanding. As computing technology evolves, it may make interactions with digital assistants resemble those between humans. The first part of this thesis explores how users will perceive the systems that are capable of human-level interaction, how users will behave while communicating with such systems, and new opportunities that may be opened by that behaviour. Even in the absence of the technology that allows digital assistants to perform on a human level, the digital assistants that are widely adopted by people around the world are found to be beneficial for a number of use-cases. The second part of this thesis describes user studies aiming at enhancing the functionality of digital assistants using the existing level of technology. In particular, chapter 6 focuses on expanding the amount of information a digital assistant is able to deliver using a voice-only channel, and chapter 7 explores how expanded capabilities of voice-based digital assistants would benefit people with visual impairments. The experiments presented throughout this dissertation produce a set of design guidelines for existing as well as potential future digital assistants. Experiments described in chapters 4, 6, and 7 focus on supporting the task of finding information online, while chapter 5 considers a case of guiding a user through a culinary recipe. The design recommendations provided by this thesis can be generalised in four categories: how naturally a user can communicate their thoughts to the system, how understandable the system's responses are to the user, how flexible the system's parameters are, and how diverse the information delivered by the system is
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