Buddhism\u27s Worldly Other: Secular Subjects of Tibetan Learning

By analyzing the writings of select Tibetan authors of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, this article reflects on the prestige attached to secular (but not anti-religious) knowledge, and the ambivalence prominent thinkers expressed around the proper relationship between worldly and religious learning. Tibetan lay and religious leaders have long been steeped in a classical Indic system of categorizing knowledge, known in Sanskrit as pañcavidyāsthāna and in Tibetan as rikné nga (Tib. rig gnas lnga). Sakya Paṇḍita first established the importance of these fields of knowledge in Tibet during the thirteenth century. Later intellectual figures such as the Fifth Dalai Lama Ngawang Lozang Gyatso and his cohort, including figures associated with the influential Nyingma monastery called Mindroling (Smin grol gling), all acknowledged the significance of rikné even as they struggled to balance their worldly interests with religious concerns. Their writing shows that worldly subjects, distinct from but in combination with the study of religion, have been important in shaping Tibetan thinking and social life for many centuries. Worldly knowledge was and is a basis for political and cultural prestige in Tibetan society as well as a common ground for connecting with the ruling classes of neighboring civilizations, also shaped in part by Buddhism. Over the centuries, the inculcation of rikné among educated Tibetans contributed to the development of a connoisseur class. Further, the Tibetan socio-political theory of the union of religion and the secular (chos srid zung ’brel) and the closely related ‘two traditions’ (lugs gnyis) model, were primary concerns of the Fifth Dalai Lama and his colleagues. These theories articulated an ideal union between worldly and religious power. Precisely how Tibetan literati have understood and valued worldly fields of learning in relation to religious subjects has varied across time, place, and religious tradition. Investigating particular Tibetan statements on the significance of rikné reveals the strong, if notably ambivalent, presence of secular values in Tibetan history and culture

Language learning in other subjects

L’estudi d’una llengua segueix tres grans eixos: la història, les estructures i els usos. Si el primer i el segon corresponen, bàsicament –tot i que sense exclusivitat–, a les disciplines lingüístiques, la tercera directriu no pot reduir-se a l’àmbit curricular d’aquestes, sinó que el desenvolupament de les destreses verbals (definir, parafrasejar, fer resums, interpretar i produir textos formals, etc.) s’articula en objectius que només s’assoliran mitjançant un ensinistrament quotidià i generalitzat en tot l’espectre curricular.Studying a language involves three main points: history, structures and uses. If the first and second points correspond basically – although not exclusively - to language subjects, the third point cannot be reduced to the curriculum, but involves developing verbal skills (define, paraphrase, summarise, interpret and produce formal texts) articulated in objectives that will only be reached through everyday, generalised teaching across the curricular spectrum.Aquest treball s’ha realitzat en el marc del projecte de recerca del Ministeri de Ciència i Innovació FFI2010-1851

Aron Broches, Selected Essays: World Bank, ICSID and Other Subjects of Public and Private International Law

With the possible exception of international peace and security, global economic development has been the dominant theme in international law and international relations since the end of the Second World War. The tenor and intensity has varied over the decades, but the objectives, centering on institutional arrangements and programs to promote the global economy, have remained the same. Broches\u27 collection of essays, originally written between 1957 and 1992, attests to his intimate knowledge of the workings of the IBRD and its related agencies. In addition to providing both the history and the jurisprudential analysis of these institutions, these essays constitute a discourse on public as well as private international law. They contribute, moreover, to a progressive development of the international law of foreign investment. Essentially, this is a book about arbitration and dispute settlement, with its history told and explained by one who was present at its creation. Broches puts international arbitration into both the contexts of private and public international law. This book contains twenty-five essays and is divided into six parts: (1) the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; (2) Registration of Treaties and International Agreements; (3) the International Center for the Settlement of Investment of Disputes; (4) International Commercial Arbitration; (5) Investment Disputes; and (6) a section devoted to miscellaneous topics

Self Selection Does Not Increase Other-Regarding Preferences among Adult Laboratory Subjects, but Student Subjects May Be More Self-Regarding than Adults

We use a sequential prisoner's dilemma game to measure the other-regarding behavior in samples from three related populations in the upper Midwest of the United States: 100 college students, 94 non-student adults from the community surrounding the college and 1,069 adult trainee truckers in a residential training program. Both of the first two groups were recruited according to procedures commonly used in experimental economics (i.e., via e-mail and bulletin-board advertisements) and therefore subjects self-selected into the experiment. Because the structure of their training program reduced the opportunity cost of participating dramatically, 91% of the solicited trainees participated in the third group, so there was little scope for self-selection in this sample. We find no differences in the elicited other-regarding preferences between the self-selected adults and the adult trainees, suggesting that selection into this type of experiment is unlikely to bias inferences with respect to non-student adult subjects. We also test (and reject) the more specific hypothesis that approval-seeking subjects are the ones most likely to select into experiments. At the same time, we find a large difference between the self-selected students and the self-selected adults from the surrounding community: the students appear considerably less pro-social. Regression results controlling for demographic factors confirm these basic findings.methodology, selection bias, laboratory experiment, field experiment, other-regarding behavior, social preferences, truckload, trucker

Balinese Elementary Schools

Kerambitan’s elementary school houses approximately 100 students. These students, from first to sixth grade, attend class six days a week from 8 AM until noon (the afternoon heat is too strong). Like in many American elementary schools, the teachers on this level teach all core subjects; in Indonesia these subjects are math, reading, culture, and social studies. Subjects are highly standardized on a national level; students in Bali are learning the same things as students in Java or any of the other islands. The exception to this rule is the culture class; here students learn about Balinese culture, arts, and traditions. Other subjects, such as music, are extracurricular activities that take place after school. [excerpt

Null Subjects in Northeast English

This paper presents data and analysis relating to null subjects in spoken colloquial English. While English is not a „pro-drop? language (i.e. subjects must usually be overt), a corpus of speech collected on Tyneside and Wearside in 2007 shows that null subjects are permitted in finite clauses in certain contexts. This paper analyses these examples and follow-up questionnaires, and compares the data with the other types of null subject described in the literature (pro-drop, topic-drop, early null subjects, aphasics? null subjects and „diary-drop?), ultimately concluding that the colloquial English phenomenon is most closely related to diary- drop

Are self-regarding subjects more rational?

Through an experiment, we investigate how the level of rationality relates to concerns for equality and efficiency. Subjects perform dictator games and a guessing game. More rational subjects are not more frequently of the selfregarding type. When performing a comparison within the same degree of rationality, self-regarding subjects show more strategic sophistication than other subjects.steps of reasoning, other-regarding preferences

Group status, minorities and trust

We present the results of an experiment that attempts to measure the impact of majority and minority groups, and high status and low status groups, on well-being, cooperation and social capital. In the experiment, group membership is induced artificially, subjects interact with insiders and outsiders in trust games and periodically enter markets where they can trade group membership. We find that trust falls with groups because of discrimination against outsiders. Against this, however, there is evidence that low group status and minority subjects are less satisfied, and that low status subjects trust less other low status subjects

Institutional Title IX Requirements for Researchers Conducting Human Subjects Research on Sexual Violence and other Forms of Interpersonal Violence

The purpose of this white paper is to provide guidance on how university and college Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and IRB administrators can oversee, and researchers can conduct, research investigating the different aspects of Sexual Violence and other forms of Interpersonal Violence