Neuroprotective Effects of Pogonomyrmex badius Venom on PTZ-Induced Seizure Activity in Camponotus floridanus

Abstract

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the brain characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizure activity. Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) is a widely used chemical convulsant that induces seizure-like behavior in various animal models used to study epileptic mechanisms. While there has been extensive research on vertebrate models, invertebrate models have been underexplored. However, invertebrate models are increasingly being explored due to their simplified and ethically accessible system. In addition to invertebrate models, invertebrates such as insects and spiders are progressively becoming the source for diverse bioactive compounds that modulate neurochemical pathways, suggesting potential neuroactive or anticonvulsant properties. This study aimed to explore possible neuroprotective effects of Pogonomyrmex badius venom on PTZ-induced seizure activity in Camponotus floridanus. Ants were exposed to differing treatments and then observed for seizure-like behavior. Dopamine expression was also assessed via neurochemical staining. PTZ exposure induced dose-dependent seizure-like activity across experimental groups, while control and venom only groups showed no seizure-like behaviors. However, when combined with PTZ, venom modulated seizure expression, with the most prominent effects occurring in late behavioral stages. Dopamine staining did not differ significantly across treatment groups. These findings suggest that P. badius venom acts as a modulator of PTZ-induced seizure expression. Additionally, seizure-like behavior in this model is stage-dependent, with distinct behavioral levels reflecting progressive neural disruption. Overall, C. floridanus represents a promising invertebrate model for studying seizure dynamics and venom-mediated modulation of neural excitability