Standardization Challenges in Concrete 3D Printing for Structural Applications

Abstract

3D concrete printing (3DCP) has a potential to improve construction efficiency and reduce material waste, while also enabling more complex designs. However, its adoption for structural applications is still limited due to the absence of established standards and building codes. This master's thesis addresses this gap by (1) comparatively analyzing and identifying limitations in existing 3DCP guidelines and standards (ISO/ASTM 52939:2023, ICC 1150/AC509, N3XTCON, Dubai Municipality) across material properties, structural design rules and printing process parameters; (2) statistically evaluating the RILEM TC 304-ADC interlaboratory database to assess directional compressive strength variability (pooled COV 29–38%), and proposing adapted partial safety factors (γc ≈ 3.5 for low-quality execution classes) based on the observed test results variability between the laboratories; and (3) applying these findings to verify the structural performance of the ITACA 3DCP wall, used as a case study in this thesis (Geocalce F Antisismico, fck = 15 MPa), under hypothetical conditions, following the adapted Eurocode framework. All ultimate limit state checks (axial + bending, shear, interlayer shear) passed with low utilization ratios (critical ≈12%). The proposed framework separates anisotropy effects (using reduction factors from RILEM) from material and process variability (using the adapted partial safety factor γc), providing guidance for future standardization