An Investigation of Water Usage in High-Income Vietnamese Households

Abstract

The water usage profile of a Vietnamese high-income household was established by carrying out a living experiment. Based on projected levels of urbanization, the study found the expected usage in the near future of households\u27 showering time, flow rate, and toilet-use frequency. This study revealed that the average time of showering was 9.7 minutes per person per day with an average flow rate of 12L/minute for the existing shower head and 6.6L/minute for the water-saving shower head. Toilet usage frequency was 5.25 times per person per day, and there was no difference in the results for an average(middle-income)household