A Review on Ornamental Plants And Their Multifunctional Uses: Aesthetic, Ecological, Health, And Socio-Economic Dimensions

Abstract

Ornamental plants beautify landscapes while delivering ecological, economic, and health benefits (Elmqvist et al., 2019; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). They regulate microclimate, filter air, support biodiversity, and improve wellbeing (Bowler et al., 2010; Nowak et al., 2014; Baldock et al., 2015; Ulrich, 1984). Risks include invasiveness, allergenicity, and high inputs (Reichard & White, 2001; Cariñanos & Casares-Porcel, 2011). Contemporary practice emphasizes native, low-input, climate-resilient palettes and nature-based solutions (Roloff, 2016; IPBES, 2019; Berland et al., 2017). We synthesize evidence and propose design and policy directions