Heavy Metal Zinc Toxicity In Algae: A Review

Abstract

Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element for biological systems, but excessive concentrations in aquatic environments can be toxic to algae, affecting their growth, photosynthesis, and biochemical composition. This review examines the sources, bioaccumulation, toxicity mechanisms, and physiological responses of algae to zinc contamination. We also discuss the role of algae in bioremediation and potential mitigation strategies