A Comprehensive Review on Plant Stress Hormones: Roles, Mechanisms, and Applications

Abstract

Plant stress hormones are central to the modulation of responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. This review synthesizes recent advances in our understanding of major plant hormones—abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonates (JAs), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), and others—in mediating stress responses. We discuss the signaling pathways, crosstalk among hormones, and the practical implications of manipulating these pathways to enhance stress tolerance in crops. Finally, we outline future research directions for integrating hormone signaling into sustainable agricultural practices