Beyond Killing: The Overlooked Contribution of Neutrophils to Tissue Repair

Abstract

Neutrophils are the most abundant immune cells in humans and the first responders to be recruited at the site of injury. They exhibit high microbicidal activity and a combination of cytotoxic mechanisms that may lead to bystander tissue damage. However, this classical and simplistic view of the neutrophil biology has recently dramatically changed. Emerging evidence indicates an active role for neutrophils in resolution of inflammation and tissue repair. This review specifically explores the mechanisms through which neutrophils perform their anti-inflammatory and tissue-repairing roles, which are also modulated by circadian rhythms—an aspect that influences immune activity and may have implications for treatment timing. A particular focus is placed on the role of platelet-derived products in modulating local neutrophil immune responses. The remarkable phenotypic plasticity of neutrophils and their crucial role in resolving inflammation and restoring homeostasis underscore their promise as a therapeutic approach. However, their activity must be finely regulated to prevent potential tissue damage