Revisión sistemática sobre las causas del abandono y el fracaso escolar en España. Propuestas y alternativas [A systematic review of the causes of school dropout and failure in Spain. Proposals and alternatives]

Abstract

Introduction: Early school leaving and academic failure are serious problems with negative effects for young people and society, as they increase the risk of social, educational and labour exclusion. To address this problem, the European Union seeks to reduce the educational dropout rate to 9% in 2030. In Spain, the current rate is 13.9%. Objective: to learn about previous work on the subject and establish the state of the art to improve the situation. Method: a systematic review (2013-2024) was carried out in the Web of Science and Scopus databases, selecting 13 articles published in the last 10 years on early school leaving, academic failure and lifelong education. Following the PRISMA 2020 Declaration, filters were applied by areas such as education, behavioural sciences and social affairs. Conclusions: it is concluded that, of 496 works initially found, 13 are valid and related to the research topic.El abandono escolar temprano y el fracaso escolar son problemas graves con efectos negativos para los jóvenes y la sociedad ya que aumentan el riesgo de exclusión social, educativa y laboral. Para abordar esta problemática, la Unión Europea busca reducir la tasa de abandono educativo al 9% en 2030. En España, la tasa actual es del 13.9%. El objetivo es encontrar y analizar trabajos previos que investiguen los motivos que hay detrás del abandono escolar y el fracaso académico en España. Se realizó una revisión sistemática (2013-2024) en las bases de datos Web of Science y Scopus, seleccionando 13 artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años sobre abandono escolar temprano, fracaso escolar y educación permanente. Siguiendo la Declaración PRISMA 2020, se aplicaron filtros por áreas como educación, ciencias del comportamiento y asuntos sociales. Se concluye que, de 496 trabajos hallados inicialmente, 13 son válidos y tienen relación con el tema de investigación. Asimismo, tras una amplia discusión, la conclusión general es que abordar el abandono escolar temprano y el fracaso escolar requiere un esfuerzo coordinado y multifacético, basado en una sólida base de investigación y políticas educativas bien diseñadas. Palabras clave: abandono escolar; fracaso escolar; educación permanente; inclusión educativa; aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida.   Abstract: Early school leaving and academic failure are serious problems with negative effects for young people and society as they increase the risk of social, educational and labour exclusion. To address this problem, the European Union seeks to reduce the educational dropout rate to 9% by 2030. In Spain, the current rate is 13.9%. The objective is to find and analyse previous works that investigate the reasons behind school dropout and academic failure in Spain. A systematic review (2013-2024) was carried out in the Web of Science and Scopus databases, selecting 13 articles published in the last 10 years on early school leaving, academic failure and lifelong education. Following the PRISMA 2020 Declaration, filters were applied by areas such as education, behavioural sciences and social affairs. It is concluded that, of 496 works initially found, 13 are valid and related to the research topic. Furthermore, after extensive discussion, the general conclusion is that addressing early school leaving and school failure requires a coordinated and multifaceted effort, based on a solid research base and well-designed educational policies. Key words: early school leaving; school failure; continuing education; educational inclusion; lifelong learning