Assessment on Sustainable Biomining: Integrating Environmental Responsibility and Economic Viability

Abstract

Mining has long been a crucial for industrial and economic development, yet conventional practices have led to environmental degradation, resource depletion, and social challenges. Biomining has emerged as a sustainable alternative, utilizing microor ganisms for metal extraction and environmental restoration. This eco- friendly approach facilitates the recovery of metals from low- grade ores and mining waste while reducing energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and environmental impact. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of biomining's economic, environmental, and social implications, emphasizing its role in advancing the circular economy. Global case studies from Chile, China, Canada, and South Africa illustrate its feasibility and benefits. Various biomining techniques, including heap leaching, stirred- tank bioleaching, and in situ biomining, are exam ined for their effectiveness in recovering metals like copper, gold, and uranium. Furthermore, innovations in microbial genomics and bioelectrochemical systems highlight the potential of engineered microorganisms to enhance metal recovery. Despite its promise, biomining faces challenges such as slow processing rates, microbial adaptation issues, and regulatory barriers. Future advancements, including synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, and policy- driven incentives, could optimize biomining applications worldwide. This review underscores biomining's potential to bridge scientific innovation and industrial sustainability, ensuring responsible resource management and reduced environmental impact