Seawater quality and the presence of Staphylococcus aureus on selected Rijeka beaches

Abstract

Kakvoća morske vode u Republici Hrvatskoj ima izniman javnozdravstveni značaj, osobito tijekom turističke sezone. Sustavno praćenje provodi se u skladu s Uredbom o kakvoći mora za kupanje (NN 73/2008), koja je usklađena s Direktivom 2006/7/EZ Europske unije. U okviru ovog diplomskog rada provedena je analiza mikrobioloških pokazatelja kvalitete morske vode na četiri riječke plaže (Kantrida, 3. maj, Nogometno igralište i Ploče) tijekom tri sezone kupanja (2021.–2023.), na ukupno 12 mjernih točaka. Uzorci su prikupljani tjedno te su analizirani fizikalno-kemijski parametri (temperatura zraka, temperatura mora, salinitet) i mikrobiološki pokazatelji (Escherichia coli, crijevni enterokoki, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium perfringens, UBB22 i UBB37). Poseban naglasak stavljen je na prisutnost bakterije Staphylococcus aureus, koja nije uključena u važeću zakonsku regulativu, ali sve češće ulazi u znanstvenu raspravu kao potencijalni pokazatelj antropogenog onečišćenja. Ukupno je analizirano 900 uzoraka, pri čemu je S. aureus detektiran u 17 % slučajeva, s najvećom učestalošću na plaži Kantrida. Veća prisutnost zabilježena je u jutarnjim terminima, uključujući i uzorke ocijenjene kao „izvrsne“. Većina uzoraka (64 %) svrstana je u kategoriju izvrsne kakvoće, dok su preostali raspoređeni u kategorije dobra, zadovoljavajuća i nezadovoljavajuća. Statističkom obradom potvrđene su prostorne i vremenske razlike u prisutnosti mikroorganizama te su uočene korelacije između fizikalno-kemijskih i mikrobioloških parametara, osobito između saliniteta i prisutnosti fekalnih pokazatelja. Rezultati rada ukazuju na kompleksnost ocjene sanitarne ispravnosti morske vode te doprinose raspravi o mogućnosti proširenja skupa mikrobioloških parametara u sustavu monitoringa.Bathing water quality in the Republic of Croatia is of great public health importance, particularly during the summer tourist season. The monitoring system is implemented in accordance with the Regulation on Bathing Water Quality (NN 73/2008), which aligns with the Directive 2006/7/EC of the European Parliament and Council. This thesis presents an analysis of microbiological indicators of seawater quality at four urban beaches in the city of Rijeka (Kantrida, 3. maj, Nogometno igralište, and Ploče) over three consecutive bathing seasons (2021–2023), across a total of 12 sampling points. Samples were collected weekly and analyzed for physical-chemical parameters (air and sea temperature, salinity) and microbiological indicators: Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium perfringens, and total heterotrophic bacteria (UBB22 and UBB37). Special attention was given to Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium not currently included in legal monitoring frameworks but increasingly discussed in the scientific community as a potential indicator of anthropogenic contamination. A total of 900 samples were analyzed, with S. aureus detected in 17 % of them, most frequently at the Kantrida beach. Higher detection rates were recorded in morning sampling sessions, even among samples rated as "excellent." Overall, 64 % of all samples were categorized as having excellent bathing water quality, while the remainder were classified as good, sufficient, or poor. Statistical analysis confirmed spatial and temporal variability in microbiological contamination, as well as correlations between physical-chemical and microbiological parameters-particularly a negative correlation between salinity and fecal indicators. The results highlight the complexity of assessing bathing water quality and support the ongoing discussion on expanding the set of microbiological indicators used in routine monitoring programs

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