Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: pathophysiological basis and nursing care challenges

Abstract

Akutni diseminirani encefalomijelitis (ADEM) je upalna demijelinizirajuća bolest središnjeg živčanog sustava koja se obično javlja kod djece i odraslih osoba mlađe i povezana je s encefalopatijom i multifokalnim lezijama mozga. Iako se smatra da ADEM nastaje nakon infekcije, etiologija je još uvijek nedovoljno poznata, kao i mehanizam nastanka. ADEM je često monofazni poremećaj, za razliku od drugih demijelinizirajućih poremećaja. Klinička slika značajno varira ovisno o tome da li je u podlozi nastanka bolesti infektivna bolest i koja, patofiziološki bolest podrazumijeva autoimunu reakciju spram mijelina dvama mehanizmima: molekularnom mimikrijom i nespecifičnom aktivacijom T limfocita. Klinička slika značajno varira ovisno o prisutnosti zarazne bolesti i dijelu mozga zahvaćenog demijelinizacijom. Glavni simptomi mogu uključivati promjene mentalnog stanja i piramidalne funkcije, cerebelarnu ataksiju, bilateralni optički neuritis, mijelitis, a povremeno i mijeloradikulopatiju i ekstrapiramidalne sindrome. Dijagnostika uključuje neurološko oslikavanje magnetskom rezonancijom i laboratorijske pretrage krvi i cerebrospinalne tekućine, kako bi se isključili potencijalni infektivni, primarno upalni, ali ne i demijelinizirajući procesi, neoplastični i genetski poremećaji. Iako ne postoji dovoljno studija kojima bi se nedvosmisleno odredilo specifično liječenje ADEM-a, ono se, temeljem preporuka stručnjaka u području, te prikaza slučajeva, provodi intravenskom primjenom visokih doza kortikosteroida (metilprednizolon; do 1000 mg/kg/dan), plazmaferezom i intravenskom aplikacijom imunoglobulina. Ukoliko je u podlozi bolesti infekcija, liječenje iste se provodi sukladno preporukama; a potporna terapija simptomatski (nadomještanje tekućine, sredstva za smirenje i drugo). Dugoročni ishodi su povoljni, postotak izlječenja visok, ali neki oboljeli imaju značajan morbiditet povezan s težinom akutne bolesti i/ili očituju neurokognitivne posljedice. Ovaj diplomski rad preglednog tipa prikazuje trenutno znanje o patogenezi, epidemiologiji, kliničkim značajkama, dijagnostičkoj procjeni, pristupima liječenju i ishodima u pedijatrijskom ADEM-u.Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that usually occurs in children and young adults and is associated with encephalopathy and multifocal brain lesions. Although ADEM is thought to occur after an infection, the etiology is still poorly understood, as well as the mechanism of its development. ADEM is often a monophasic disorder, unlike other demyelinating disorders. Pathophysiology involves autoimmune response directed towards myelin, by two distinct mechanisms: molecular mimicry and nonspecific activation of T lymphocytes. Clinical pictures vary significantly depending on underlying infectious disease and part of a brain affected by demyelination. Main symptoms may include changes in mental status and pyramidal function, cerebellar ataxia, bilateral optic neuritis, myelitis, and occasional myeloradiculopathy and extrapyramidal syndromes. Diagnosis includes neurological magnetic resonance imaging and laboratory tests of blood and cerebrospinal fluid, to exclude potential infectious, primarily inflammatory but not demyelinating processes, neoplastic and genetic disorders. Although there are not enough studies to unambiguously determine the specific treatment of ADEM, it is carried out, based on the recommendations of experts in the field and case reports, with the intravenous administration of high doses of corticosteroids (methylprednisolone; up to 1000 mg/kg/day), plasmapheresis and intravenous administration of immunoglobulin. If the underlying disease is an infection, treatment is carried out according to recommendations; and supportive therapy is symptomatic (fluid replacement, sedatives, etc.). Long-term outcomes are favorable, the cure rate is high, but some patients have significant morbidity related to the severity of the acute disease and/or manifest ongoing neurocognitive sequelae. This thesis presents the current knowledge on pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, treatment approaches, and outcomes in pediatric ADEM

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Last time updated on 17/07/2025

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