Bacterial Contamination and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Isolates from Tanker-Distributed Drinking Water in Kabul, Afghanistan

Abstract

Water quality is critical for public health, and access to safe drinking water is essential for preventing infectious diseases. In many areas of Kabul city, tanker-distributed water is an essential source, but its microbial quality remains uncertain. This cross-sectional study evaluated bacterial contamination and microbial resistance in tanker-distributed treated water in Kabul, comparing it to established standards. One hundred samples from 20 companies were collected between January and June 2024. Samples were cultured for total bacteria and coliform counts using spread plate and filtration methods. Confirmatory tests were performed on colonies. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by disk diffusion. The results indicated that all samples positive for bacterial contamination exceeded established standards, with 45% containing more than three species. None of the samples contained coliform bacteria. Seventeen distinct bacterial species were identified, including Acinetobacter baumannii (21%) and Staphylococcus aureus (10%). Additionally, the isolates displayed antibiotic resistance, posing significant health risks. Previously, there was a lack of reliable information regarding the bacterial contamination of water distributed by tankers. The results of this study revealed that bacterial contamination in water exceeded accepted standards. Additionally, pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms were detected. Therefore, relevant authorities must implement strict control and monitoring measures