Assessing The Socio-Economic Effects of Water Infrastructure on The Livelihoods of River-Dependent Households: Mwache Multi-Purpose Dam Case Study in Kinango, Kwale County

Abstract

Master of Arts in Monitoring and EvaluationThis study aimed to examine the socio-economic effects of water infrastructure on the livelihoods of river-dependent households located downstream of the Mwache Multipurpose Dam in Kinango, Kwale County, Kenya. The research focused on the following objectives, assessing the effects of water acess on household income, how the dam influenced agricultural productivity income, and relationship between the dam and overall livelihoods. The study was anchored in three key theories: the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework Theory, the Social Impact Theory: Social Forces Model of Influence, and Rational Choice Theory. These theoretical frameworks guided the investigation into how the Mwache Dam influenced the social and economic well-being of the affected communities. The research employed a descriptive study design. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from 358 households downstream of the dam. Stratified random sampling ensured a representative sample of river-dependent communities. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics to interpret the responses. The findings revealed that the construction of the Mwache Dam significantly disrupted local livelihoods. Specifically, 79% of respondents reported reduced water supply, 33% noted limited access to road infrastructure, 40% observed increased population density, and 48% indicated a decline in living standards. Key economic activities such as fishing, crop, and livestock production were negatively impacted by 58%, while the local tourism industry and land values both declined by 60%. The study further highlighted the reduction in river flow, which caused severe water shortages, especially for agricultural production, leading farmers to struggle with crop irrigation and threatening food security. In conclusion, the construction of the Mwache Dam altered the river ecosystem, resulting in biodiversity loss and the disruption of natural fish habitats. The displacement of local communities worsened the situation by undermining agricultural productivity and intensifying food insecurity. The study recommended adoption of a holistic approach that integrates environmental, social, and economic factors to mitigate the negative effects of large-scale infrastructure projects. Additionally, it emphasized on the need for fair and transparent resettlement and compensation policies for affected communities, ensuring that development initiatives do not disproportionately harm vulnerable population.Daystar University, School of Applied Human Science