Immunogenomics for disease resistance in farm animals: a review

Abstract

Despite advances in traditional disease management strategies like vaccination and biosecurity, infectious diseases continue to cause economic losses in animal agriculture. This study examines how genomic technologies can be used to better understand the genetic basis of immune responses, which will help select disease-resistant breeds. The review highlights findings from a number of studies that show the identification of important immune-related genes, genomic markers, and pathways linked to disease resistance in farm animals. This information serves as the foundation for more effective breeding programs aimed at enhancing health and productivity. The results were explained by demonstrating how genomic techniques, including transcriptomics, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and CRISPR gene editing, can identify genetic changes that improve disease resistance. It was also underlined that using bioinformatics techniques into data analysis is essential to obtaining useful insights. The accuracy of the results in identifying particular genetic markers and their capacity to support marker-assisted selection (MAS) are what define them. Because of these characteristics, the outcomes are reliable and flexible for real-world breeding plans. The range of practical applications includes improving animal comfort, lowering the need for antibiotics, and creating disease-resistant cattle through educated breeding strategie