Mevsimsel nüfus değişiklikleri ve atıksu yönetimi üzerine bir inceleme

Abstract

One of the most critical issues in terms of management of touristic areas is the variability of population throughout the year. The population increase during the peak season due to tourism imposes a stress on water resources and leads to pollution risks in the coastal areas. Coastal tourism is widely regarded as one of the fastest growing areas of the world?s tourism industry. All over the world, coastal areas are developing rapidly and are attracting more and more tourists each year. The Mediterranean is the main tourist destination in the world. The main problems of Mediterranean destinations are the seasonal and coastal concentration of tourism activities. Every year more than 250 millions of people flock to the Mediterranean coasts. Additionally, second housing increases the population during the peak season.  This increase in population brings about a peak in water demand for domestic use. Tourism activity peaks in summer, coinciding with the time when natural water availability is at its lowest. According to European Environmental Agency (EEA, 2000), tourists consume up to 300 litres (up to 880 litres for luxury tourism) and as apposed to a use of 150-250 litres of water per person per day by a regular user. Extensive landscaping, water parks, swimming pools and golf courses are typical tourist facilities that require water during the dry season. Taking the example of Bodrum, a touristic summer town in the Eastern Mediterranean region, the top reasons for preference were reported to be the sea, the sun, the beaches, its natural beauty and cultural heritage. In this case study, the resident population of the Bodrum peninsula is 118237 and this is regularly and officially recorded. However vast increases in population are observed during the peak season due to national and international tourists and second housing in the area in addition to the busy pleasure craft traffic. No doubt, knowing the correct number people in town throughout the year is one of the prerequisites of water and wastewater management. However no information about second housing and tourism population seems to be officially recorded. This work focuses mainly on the prediction of the variations in the total population of Bodrum throughout the year. Predictions were based on an investigation to quantify the monthly percentages of resident, second housing, touristic and pleasure craft populations, based on currently available data to lead to a relevant wastewater management approach and an evaluation of its implications on wastewater management. The predictions have indicated that dominated by the tourists and second housing in July and August, the population is more than fourfold of that of February. As a result of the vast seasonal variations in population together with the topographical conditions of the peninsula, wastewater disposal of in Bodrum consists of central facilities and a large number of individual biological treatment systems serving second housing sites, hotels and marinas. Treated effluent is reused for irrigation of gardens in these areas. Holding tanks, which are widely used throughout the peninsula, also provide an alternative to individual biological treatment plants. Despite the quality of reclaimed domestic wastewaters is judged by the fecal coliform standard in the Turkish environmental legislation and international guidelines (WHO 89/2006 and USEPA2004), at this time, regulatory agencies allow the use of reclaimed domestic wastewater that has been treated to essentially secondary level followed by disinfection, for landscape purposes, park and golf course irrigation. The reclaimed effluent is monitored for BOI5, COD, pH and SS. but not for pathogenic microorganisms, which may lead to health concerns.The allocation of revenues of the general budget which is determined according to residential population, is the most significant financial source for municipalities. However this allocation does not seem fair for touristic summer towns like Bodrum as the population increase during the peak season is almost four times that of resident population. Environmental protection and pollution prevention is obviously one of the main factors in the sustainability of Bodrum peninsula as a popular and preferred touristic town, as well as other towns of similar character. A thorough recording of its demographical status and a serious well-planned monitoring and control strategy regarding wastewater management and water quality will provide powerful tools towards sustainability of the area. Keywords: Seasonal population, tourism, second housing, wastewater management, Bodrum.Turizm; yerleşimlerin nüfusunu arttıran ve yıl içinde mevsimsel nüfus hareketliliklerine neden olan bir aktivite olup, özellikle Akdeniz kıyılarındaki birçok yerleşimin ekonomisinde belirleyici olmaktadır. Mevsimsel nüfus hareketlilikleri de daha çok kıyı turizmi yapılan bölgelerde görülmekte, yerleşik nüfusla birlikte ikinci konut nüfusu, turizm nüfusu ve günübirlik nüfusun toplamından oluşan yaz nüfusu, kış nüfusunun birkaç katına çıkmaktadır. Turizmin neden olduğu mevsimsel nüfus hareketlilikleri özellikle atıksu yönetimi açısından önemli problemler oluşturmaktadır. Yerleşik nüfus göz önüne alınarak yapılan tesisler yaz aylarında yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bodrum Yarımadası son 30 yılda dünyanın önemli turizm merkezlerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Yarımada da yerleşik nüfus ile ilgili kayıtlı verilere ulaşılabilmekte ancak, ikinci konut ve turizm nüfusuna yönelik sınıflandırılmış veri bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada yapılan kestirimlerde yarımada genelinde toplam nüfusun yerleşik nüfusun 4, ortalama nüfusun da 2 katına çıktığı hesaplanmıştır. Bodrum’da topoğrafik yapı ve mevsimsel nüfus değişiklikleri nedenleriyle merkezi ve bireysel arıtma tesisleri ile foseptikler bir arada kullanılmaktadır. Özellikle bireysel arıtma tesisleri çıkışları sulama amaçlı kullanılmakta olup denize deşarj edilmelerine izin verilmemektedir. Bodrum yarımadasındaki 397 arıtma tesisinin 387’si bireysel arıtma tesisi olup bunların işlevlerini yerine getirdiklerinin dikkatle planlanmış bir izleme denetim mekanizmasıyla takibi halk sağlığı ve sürdürülebilirlik açısından önemlidir. Mevsimsel nüfus hareketliliklerinin belirgin olduğu turizm yörelerinde teknik bakımdan pik nüfusun, finansal bakımdan ortalama nüfusun dikkate alınması uygun görülmektedir.  Anahtar Kelimeler: Mevsimsel nüfus hareketliliği, turizm, ikinci konut, atıksu yönetimi, Bodrum