Факторы становления общественного договора (social contract) в западной континентальной философии

Abstract

У статті досліджено проблему концептуалізації поняття «суспільний договір» крізь призму етимології, змістовної типології і реактуалізації суспільного договору в сучасній соціальній філософії. Суспільний договір розглянуто як універсальний конструкт раціонально-процедурної легітимації у всіх сферах суспільного життя.The article examines the problem of conceptualizing the notion of «social contract»: its etymology, content typology and topicality in modern European philosophy. Factors of formation of the social contract as a theory in modern European philosophy are considered foremost through the experience of the history of philosophy. The article develops a thesis that the category of «modernity» as a social foundation of the rational discourse is rooted in the «axial time» taken by K. Jaspers as a starting point of a new worldview in the light of transcendence. We study strategies of legitimizing fundamentally innovative forms of social and political criticism (of power) in modern intellectual narratives. We focus our attention also on the specifications of the «first modernity» (Western, European) by M. Weber, who proves the legitimacy of «reading» modernity in terms of its diversity. Comparative analysis of the scientific project of the axial age ideas, embodied in the «axial cultures» as such that a priori provide energy, creativity and transformational factors in examining the development of European modernity allows us to look at the idea of»social contract» as the foundation of the rights’ modern design. The article proves that the concept of social contract is considered a distinguished category of the continental Western philosophy, always being the focus of research in the realms of social philosophy, political philosophy and philosophy of law. In the context of methodological constructivism of modern times the process of social contract development is a contractual argument that is legitimizing political rule — from the Hobbesian-type absolutism through the Lockean liberalism and Rousseauistic democracy, which, however, contributed to the social universalism — to Kantian moral constructivism (M. Tur). Thus, in the paradigm of modernity social contract is viewed as a universal construct of the rational-procedure legitimation in all spheres of the social life, forming one of the foundations of the liberal worldview.В статье исследуется проблема концептуализации понятия «общественный договор» сквозь призму этимологии, содержательной типологии и реактуализации общественного договора в современной социальной философии. Общественный договор рассматривается как универсальный конструкт рационально-процедурной легитимации во всех сферах общественной жизни