Despite their economic, political and cultural similarities, Portugal and Spain experienced different
trajectories of civil-military relations during the twentieth century. After having handed
power over to a civilian dictator, Salazar, the Portuguese military eventually caused the downfall
of his authoritarian Estado Novo regime and led the transition to democracy. In contrast,
in Spain the military, which had helped Franco to defeat the Republic in 1939 remained loyal
to the dictatorship’s principles and, after his death, obstructed the democratisation process.
This research sheds light on these different patterns by comparing the policy instruments that
governments used to control the military throughout Portuguese and Spanish dictatorships
and transitions to democracy. First, it applies Christopher Hood’s (1983) ‘NATO’ (nodality,
authority, treasure and organisation) framework for the study of tools of government in order
to identify trajectories and establish comparisons across time and countries.
These tools can
be considered as the institutions that structure the relationship between the governments and
the military.
This thesis documents that the tools used in both counties differed considerably
and evolved over time and that only from 1982 onwards a process of convergence can
be observed. Second, this thesis contrasts two types of neo-institutional explanations for the
evolution of tool choice and civil-military relations. One based on historical junctures and
path-dependence (historical causes) and the other on the continuous impact of environmental
factors (constant causes).
is research demonstrates that both approaches are largely intertwined
and to a great extent become complementary and necessary to capture complexity
in tool choice. In sum, this thesis shows that dialogue and exchange between different analytical
approaches contributes to a deeper understanding of multifaceted social phenomena.
The utilisation of public policy analytical frameworks, such as the NATO scheme and neoinstitutionalism,
provides a new angle on the evolution of civil-military relations in Portugal
and Spain
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