Influence of structural complexity on the reproduction of ichthyofauna: the case of submerged trees in Reservoirs

Abstract

A heterogeneidade do habitat assume que habitats estruturalmente complexos podem aumentar a diversidade de espÃcies, em ambientes aquÃticos esses habitats complexos tambÃm tem importante papel na diversidade biolÃgica, nas relaÃÃes interespecÃficas e na produtividade do sistema. Estudos tÃm demonstrado que, vÃrias espÃcies de peixes procuram locais com habitats estruturados para se reproduzirem. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a influÃncia da complexidade estrutural fornecida pelas Ãrvores submersas sobre a assembleia ictioplanctÃnica na Ãrea de influÃncia de dois reservatÃrios da bacia do rio ParanÃ, demonstrando a importÃncia dos paliteiros para a reproduÃÃo da ictiofauna. As amostragens foram realizadas em locais com e sem a presenÃa de Ãrvores submersas nos reservatÃrios de MourÃo e Itaipu, entre os meses de outubro de 2009 a marÃo de 2010. Para as coletas foram utilizadas redes de plÃncton cÃnico-cilindricas de malha 0,5mm equipadas com medidor de fluxo para obtenÃÃo do volume de Ãgua filtrada, o processo foi realizado em arrasto contÃnuo, com uso de duas redes de plÃncton. Foram determinadas as abundÃncias de larvas, o nÃmero de espÃcies (riqueza), o Ãndice de diversidade de Shannon e determinado os tÃxons indicadores para cada ambiente analisado atravÃs do valor indicador. Para determinar se houveram diferenÃas espaciais significativas entre as mÃdias dos atributos avaliados foi aplicado um teste t. A composiÃÃo da assembleia ictioplanctÃnica nos diferentes ambientes foi sumarizada a partir de uma anÃlise de correspondÃncia (CA). Durante o estudo foram capturados 122.099 indivÃduos, pertencentes a 22 espÃcies, seis ordens, 19 famÃlias. Destes, 78,84% foram indivÃduos capturados em locais sem estrutura, enquanto 21,16% foram capturados em locais estruturados. Para ambos os locais as espÃcies mais abundantes foram Hypophthalmus edentatus e Plagioscion squamosissimus. Os locais sem Ãrvores submersas tiveram os maiores valores de riqueza e abundÃncia de espÃcies o que indica que, as desovas podem estar ocorrendo nas Ãreas de cabeceira e que tanto os ovos como as larvas sÃo passivamente transportados por correntes de Ãgua para Ãreas de desenvolvimento, localizadas em Ãreas inferiores do reservatÃrio. Esse estudo demonstrou que, trechos com vegetaÃÃo submersa desempenham importante papel na reproduÃÃo dos peixes na Ãrea dos reservatÃrios amostrados e, por tanto, sua preservaÃÃo pode ser indispensÃvel para a representaÃÃo futura de muitas espÃcies de peixes nesses ambientes.The heterogeneity of the habitat assumes that structurally complex habitats can increase the diversity of species. In aquatic environments these complex habitats also play an important role in the biological diversity, in the interspecific relations and in the systemâs productivity. Studies have shown that several fish species seek sites with structured habitats for their reproduction. This study intends to evaluate the influence of the structural complexity provided by submerged trees on the ichthyplankton in the influence area of two reservoirs located in Parana River basin, demonstrating the importance of such sites known as paliteiros. The samples were carried out in places with and without the presence of submerged trees from October 2009 to March 2010. For these samples, we used plankton nets with mesh size of 0.5mm equipped with a measurer to obtain the volume of filtered water. The process was realized with continuous drag, using two plankton nets. We determined the abundance of larvae, number of species, Shannonâs diversity index and the indicator taxons for each environment analyzed. To determine if there were any significant spatial variation we applied the t-test. The composition of the ichthyoplanktonic assemblage in the different environments was summarized based on a correspondence analysis (CA). During the study 122,099 individuals were captured, belonging to 22 species, six orders, 19 families. Within this sample, 78.84% are individuals captured in environments without any structure, whereas 21.16% are individuals captured in structured environments. In both places the most abundant species were Hypophthalmus edentatus and Plagioscion squamosissimus. The places with submerged trees presented the highest values in richness and abundance of species, which indicates that spawning may have been occurring in headwaters located in areas with submerged vegetation, and that eggs, as well as larvae, are passively carried by water flows to development areas, located at lower areas in the reservoir. This study indicates that areas with submerged vegetation play a very important part in fish reproduction in the sampled reservoirs and, therefore, their preservation may be indispensable for the future presence of many fish species in these environments

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