以專利計量方法探討儲氫技術之發展

Abstract

Researchers from both public and private sectors devote their research effort to find alternative energy to release the pressure of diminishing of fossil energy, global warming and economic depression. Hydrogen energy is one of the alternative energies, which attracts attention from both sectors as a result of environmental friendly, non-toxic and pollution-free. Two technologies involved with manufacturing hydrogen energy, production and storage. To increase use of hydrogen energy, affordable costs of production, distribution and manufacturing is the key issue, and hydrogen storage system takes a key role in the process. In this study, the author tried to reviewed patents, which relate to hydrogen storage technologies to reveal the progress of hydrogen storage technologies. 468 patents granted during the period of 1976 to 2011 were reviewed in this study as well as 2,226 cited patents and 777 cited non-patent literatures to identify the productive research entities and sources that had impact on the development of hydrogen storage technologies. The result indicates that the number of hydrogen storage patents continues growing during the past three decades. United States, Japan and Germany are the priority countries both in productivity of and impact on the hydrogen storage technology research and Germany is the first country devoted to hydrogen storage technology research and was granted patents. Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Energy Conversion Devices, Sanyo Electric Co., Ovonic Hydrogen Systems are the core assignees in hydrogen storage technology research. Most hydrogen storage technology patents are done with team work effort. The results of productivity and impact analysis show that Ovshinsky and Fetcenko are leading individuals in hydrogen storage researches. The basis of hydrogen storage (C01B), metal and adsorption-type hydrogen storage (H01M) are the essential technologies of hydrogen storage. Limited scientific linkage in hydrogen storage invention, industrial technology has greater impact on the development of hydrogen storage technology comparing to scientific research. “A safe, portable, hydrogen gas generator using aqueous borohydride solution and Ru catalyst?”, “Ti-doped alkali metal aluminum hydrides as potential novel reversible hydrogen storage materials” and “Hydrogen storage in graphite nanofibers” are three influential scientific research papers. Core scientific research authors are from academic institutions of the United States, among them, Yaghi, O''Keeffe, Eddaoudi Li and Bogdanović have greater impact.在能源耗盡、全球暖化與經濟衰退的多重壓力下，世界各國體會到不能再倚靠石化能源，許多國家開始進行綠能產業研究尋找替代能源，氫能源因無毒不污染、利用形式多、適應不同環境的儲存特性等特點，具環保與經濟效益，各國皆努力投入相關研究。氫能源技術可分為產氫與儲氫技術，要讓氫能源普及應用需要相當大的儲存空間，因此發展儲氫技術成為影響氫能源產業的重要因素。 本研究以計量方法分析1976年至2011年美國專利暨商標局(United States Patent and Trademark Office, USPTO)通過的儲氫技術相關專利，以了解儲氫技術生產力的分布、影響儲氫技術發展的重要研究主體，及儲氫產業技術與科學研究之間的關係。本研究共分析468件儲氫技術專利、2,226件被引用專利及777篇被引非專利文獻，將檢得之資料加以統計並進行分析。 研究結果顯示儲氫相關技術專利件數持續成長，美國、日本、德國為主要研究及影響儲氫發展國家，其中德國投入儲氫技術的時間較早。就機構層次分析，Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.、Energy Conversion Devices、Sanyo Electric Co.、Ovonic Hydrogen Systems等在儲氫技術生產力與影響力方面有較突出的表現。技術產出表現較佳的發明人包括Ovshinsky、Fetcenko、Golben、Moriwaki、Young等；主要發明人Ovshinsky、Fetchenko，及Reichman、Hong與Sapru等人，對儲氫技術發展具較高程度的影響力。就技術發展分析，生產力與影響力均以基礎儲氫(C01B)、金屬及吸附型儲氫(H01M)研究為主要技術。科學關連性分析的結果顯示，儲氫技術發展受到產業技術的影響程度大於科學研究成果；“A safe, portable, hydrogen gas generator using aqueous borohydride solution and Ru catalyst”、“Ti-doped alkali metal aluminum hydrides as potential novel reversible hydrogen storage materials”及“Hydrogen storage in graphite nanofibers”等為科學研究成果中對儲氫技術發展具較高影響力的研發成果；科學研究者多集中於美國地區，主要來自學術及研究機構；Yaghi、O''Keeffe、Eddaoudi、Li及Bogdanović等人為影響儲氫技術研究之主要科學研究者。第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景與動機 1 第二節 研究目的與研究問題 3 第三節 研究範圍與限制 4 第四節 名詞解釋 5 第二章 文獻探討 7 第一節 氫能源技術與發展研究 7 第二節 專利與專利分析 16 第三節 以專利計量方法分析技術發展 24 第三章 研究設計與實施 33 第一節 研究設計 33 第二節 資料蒐集 33 第三節 資料整理與分析 38 第四節 研究流程 43 第四章 結果分析 45 第一節 技術生產力分析 45 第二節 技術影響力分析 70 第三節 產業技術與科學研究關連性分析 90 第四節 綜合討論 111 第五章 結論與建議 115 第一節 結論 115 第二節 建議 120 第三節 後續研究建議 121 參考書目 123 附錄一 儲氫技術專利成長率統計表 137 附錄二 專利發明人兼期刊文獻作者統計一覽表 13