The authors seek to extend the literature on inequalities and exclusion in the
nighttime economy through a rhythmic analysis of visitor presence in public space
in nightlife districts in the city centres of the Dutch cities of Groningen, Utrecht, and
Rotterdam. Substantial inequalities in visitor presence, based on race/ethnicity and gender,
are demonstrated. In the cities considered, racial/ethnic inequalities vary more in spatial
terms, and gender inequalities fl uctuate more heavily over the course of the night. Overall,
however, the fi ndings support the argument that exclusion from the nighttime economy
needs to be understood in temporal–ecological terms. Multiple drivers, or pacemakers,
of rhythmic inequalities rooted in race/ethnicity and gender are identifi ed, including
opening hours and revellers’ collective habits. For advocates of greater diversity among
nighttime-economy participants, the analysis suggests that neither a more varied supply
of nightlife premises, nor more surveillance and policing, are straightforward solutions:
a strong orientation of premises toward university students and urban professionals may
promote gender-based inclusion, but deters nonwhite revellers, and more police on the
street may empower women to move through a nightlife district unaccompanied yet reduce
the inclination to do so among racial/ethnic minorities
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