In all parts of the globe where it has taken root, Islam has
developed its local forms. This is not only due to the retention
of pre-Islamic local practices, which may gradually be purged
by reform movements. Different regions may have their
distinctive practices, e.g. Sufi ways, the various Islamic
institutions may play different roles, education and adjudication
may be organised differently, interaction between the ulama and
the state proceeds according to different patterns. Even within
“scripturalist” Islam, there is an undeniable regional variation
— notwithstanding the claims of certain Western scholars as
well as Muslim fundamentalists.
The Muslim communities of Western Europe constitute — with
the exception of a relatively small number of European converts
— diasporic communities, maintaining various types of links
with their countries of origin and with similar communities in
other countries
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