The tarekat, Muslim mystical brotherhoods, have played
an important but almost undocumented part in Madurese
society. The information in the pre-independence Dutch
literature hardly does more than mention their names
(Schrieke 1919, 1920), while recent ethnographic studies
(Jordaan 1985, Mansurnoor 1990, de Jonge 1988,
Touwen-Bouwsma 1988) give us no more than tantalizing
glimpses of the existence and possibly still increasing
importance of the tarekat. There is also a dearth of other
written sources on the subject
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