The snow and intense cold of December 2010 – the coldest month since meteorological records
began, is a timely reminder that despite living in a warm (‘interglacial’) period – the Holocene,
climate in recent Earth History has been markedly colder for periods lasting many thousands of
years. These ‘cold stages’ form part of the Quaternary geological period which spans the past 2.6
million years (Ma). It marks the transition from the sometimes ‘greenhouse’ climates of the
Cretaceous and earlier Cenozoic, through to ‘Ice Age’ earth. We often hear that the Quaternary is
synonymous with the ‘Ice Age’. In reality, this is somewhat misleading. Whilst there were numerous
extended ‘cold periods’ or ‘glacials’ which did result in ‘Ice Ages’ during the Quaternary, equally,
there were many ‘warm periods’ or ‘interglacials’ where the climate in Britain was at least as warm if
not warmer than today. Quaternary ‘climate change’ has had a profound and lasting impact on our
landscape. In particular, the form of much of the landscape is a legacy of our ‘Ice Age’ history.
Understanding our ‘Ice Age’ history is important in understanding not just our landscape heritage
and its conservation and sustainable use, but also in appreciating just how sensitive our land-mass is
to the long-term forces of ‘climate change’. Within this paper, we explore the long-term history of
‘Ice Ages’ in Britain and Ireland, focussing on why they occurred, and when and how big they were
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