The heart as an endocrine gland

Abstract

SUMMARY The sequence of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) has been determined, as well as the complete structure of the rat and human complementary DNA and gene. ANF and ANF messenger RNA are present not only in atria but also in ventricles. The circulating form of ANF has been identified as the C-terminal of the molecule, ANF (Ser 99-Tyr 126). The isolated secretory granules of rat atrial cardiocytes contain only pro-ANF (Asn 1-Tyr 126). An enzyme (IRCM-SP1) has been isolated from heart atria and ventricles. This enzyme is highly specific in cleaving ANF (Asn 1-Tyr 126), to yield ANF (103-126), (102-126), and (99-126). In target cells, ANF produces a rise in cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) due to activation of participate guanylate cyclase, and inhibi-tion of adenylate cyclase leading in some cases to a decrease in cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cAMP). ANF produces relaxation of rabbit and rat aortic strips, inhibits steroidogenesis in both zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata cells, and inhibits the release of arginine vasopressin from the isolated rat hypothalamohypophysial preparation in vitro but decreases AVP release in vivo only at pharmacological doses. In all forms of experimental hypertension, plasma levels of ANF are increased and, at some time periods, atrial levels are also decreased. The ventricular levels of immunoreactive ANF are also increased in renal hypertension. Infusion of ANF by mlnipumps decreases the blood pressure near control levels in several models of experimental hypertension. In card iomyo pat hie hamsters with heart failure, the atrial levels of immunoreactive ANF are decreased while the plasma and ventricular levels are increased. In humans, the mean plasma levels of ANF are not increased above control values in essential hypertension (for moderate increases in blood pressure), but they are increased in the aortic blood in renal hypertension. Plasma levels of immunoreactive ANF are increased hi paroxysmal tachycardia, valvular heart diseases, idiopathic cardiomyopathies, and coronary heart disease. (Hypertension 10 [Suppl I]: 1-118—1-121, 1987) KEY WORDS physiology • * atrial natriuretic factor physiopathology molecular biology • biochemistry IT is now well established that the atria are endo-crine glands secreting, in rats and humans, the28-amino acid peptide atrial natriuretic facto