Academic achievement, close up work parameters, and myopia in Singapore military conscripts

Abstract

Aim—To determine the relation of refrac-tive error to environmental factors, in-cluding close up work, in Singapore military conscripts. Methods—A cross sectional study was conducted on 429 Singapore military con-scripts. Non-cycloplegic refraction and A-scan biometry were performed in both eyes. A detailed questionnaire was admin-istered by in-person interview to obtain information about current and past near work activity, extra tuition lessons, edu-cational experiences, and family demo-graphics