Values represent the basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of exist-ence.1 Kluckhohn conceptualized values as prin-ciples for action encompassing abstract goals in life and modes of conduct that an individual pre-fers across contexts and situations.2 Schwartz de-fined values as desirable, trans-situational goals, varying in importance that serves as guidin
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