Synthesis and Monitoring of Airborne Nanoparticles with Unique Properties

Recent advancements in aerosol technology have ushered in a plethora of methodologies for the production of metal nanoparticles, encompassing techniques such as thermal evaporation, chemical vapour deposition, electrode deposition, direct metal combustion, and Glowing Wire Technology (GWT) (Boskovic & Agranovski, 2013). Among these methods, GWT emerges as a particularly promising avenue for the generation of highly pure metal nanoparticles. Despite its considerable potential, achieving accurate control over the size and purity of the resulting nanoparticles (Mourdikoudis et al., 2021) continues to be a critical area that requires further research and development within this field. The unique attributes of glowing wire technology offer distinct advantages, including scalability, simplicity, and the capability to synthesise nanoparticles with controlled purity. Nevertheless, optimising this technique to afford precise control over key parameters such as particle size, shape, and composition remains a critical challenge. Addressing these challenges necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, integrating insights from materials science, aerosol physics, and process engineering to refine the underlying mechanisms governing nanoparticle formation in GWT. Furthermore, continued exploration and refinement of glowing wire technology hold the potential to unlock new avenues for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles with tailored properties and functionalities. By leveraging advances in materials synthesis, nanotechnology, and characterisation techniques, researchers can elucidate the fundamental mechanisms dictating nanoparticle formation in GWT and devise strategies to enhance process efficiency and product quality. Ultimately, advancing the capabilities and applications of glowing wire technology in nanoparticle synthesis requires concerted efforts to bridge fundamental research with technological innovation. By fostering collaboration between academia, industry, and government agencies, we can accelerate progress in this field and unlock new opportunities for the design and fabrication of advanced nanomaterials with diverse applications. Typically, a Glowing Wire Generator (GWG) operates by utilising a designated metal wire as the precursor material to generate nanoparticles through aerosol vapour formation (Peineke et al., 2009). Through the application of GWT, nanoparticles are synthesised, typically exhibiting an average diameter of less than 30 nm (Bose et al., 2006). Moreover, it is pertinent to highlight that the nanoparticles produced via GWT often manifest a polydisperse distribution, indicating variations in size and morphology within the nanoparticle population. The utilisation of a metal wire as the precursor material in GWG offers several advantages, including simplicity of operation, scalability, and the ability to generate nanoparticles with high purity. However, the polydisperse nature of the resulting nanoparticle population presents a challenge in achieving uniformity in size and morphology, which is often desired for specific applications. Addressing this challenge requires a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing nanoparticle formation and growth in GWT. Efforts to enhance the uniformity and monodispersity of nanoparticles synthesised via GWT involve optimising process parameters such as wire composition, temperature, and gas flowrate. Additionally, advancements in nanoparticle characterisation techniques, such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), enable precise assessment of nanoparticle size distribution and morphology, facilitating the refinement of synthesis protocols. Furthermore, ongoing research endeavours aimed at interpreting the kinetics and thermodynamics of nanoparticle nucleation and growth in GWT hold promise for achieving greater control over nanoparticle properties. By leveraging insights from theoretical modelling and computational simulations, researchers can tailor synthesis protocols to yield nanoparticles with desired size, shape, and surface characteristics, thus expanding the applicability of GWT in various field. In this study, several of these areas were examined and can be classified into two distinct categories: 1. Production of molybdenum oxide nanoparticles using single and double wired glowing wire generator. The primary objective is to investigate methods for controlling nanoparticle production, aiming to achieve nanoparticles with different size ranges and reduced polydispersity. Small-sized nanoparticles have demonstrated significant potential across various applications, including coatings, separation processes, electronics, and energy-related applications. However, in certain applications, larger-sized nanoparticles could offer advantages by facilitating the deposition of a more homogeneous and thicker coating over a reduced time frame. Therefore, by systematically investigating the influence of process parameters, such as wire configuration, temperature, and gas flowrate, we aim to optimise nanoparticle synthesis to produce nanoparticles with controlled size distributions and enhanced uniformity. The findings of this study are expected to contribute significantly to the development of efficient and reliable nanoparticle synthesis techniques. By explaining the mechanisms governing nanoparticle deposition and uniformity, researchers can pave the way for the design and fabrication of tailored nanoparticles for specific purposes. Furthermore, the insights gained from this study may have broader implications for advancing nanoparticle-based technologies across various sectors, including materials science, electronics, and biomedical engineering. 2. Magnesium Oxide (MgO) nanoparticles represent a crucial focus of this study, owing to their immense potential across diverse fields, stemming from their unique physical and chemical properties. Their synthesis involves interdisciplinary methodologies and classification methodologies from physics, chemistry, and biology, underscoring their significance as a promising class of nanomaterials with broadranging application prospects. Central to the study is the recognition of nanoparticle charging within the synthesis flame as a pivotal indicator of their evolutionary trajectory during the formation processes. Researchers examine the shape and morphology of MgO nanoparticles within an undisturbed flame to gain insights into how continuous unipolar ion emission during external charging impacts nanoparticle synthesis. This investigation aims to enhance the understanding of the mechanisms governing nanoparticle formation in the presence of charged flames. Understanding the interplay between external charging and nanoparticle formation processes is crucial for elucidating the sophisticated dynamics at play within the synthesis flame. By interpreting how external charging influences MgO nanoparticle morphology and characteristics, researchers can uncover valuable insights into the mechanisms driving nanoparticle evolution and growth. This, in turn, can inform the development of more efficient and tailored synthesis strategies for producing MgO nanoparticles with desired properties for specific applications. Moreover, the findings of this study may have broader implications for advancing our understanding of nanoparticle synthesis processes and their applications across various disciplines. By bridging the gap between fundamental research and practical applications, researchers can unlock new avenues for harnessing the potential of MgO nanoparticles in fields such as catalysis, sensing, energy storage, and biomedicine.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of PhilosophySchool of Eng & Built EnvGriffith SciencesFull Tex

Perspectives and needs of assistive technology advisors and suppliers in Queensland, Australia

Purpose An assistive technology ecosystem requires co-ordinated collaboration between policy, products, provision processes, and personnel. A needs assessment was conducted of the assistive technology sector in Queensland to examine these components from the perspective of all key stakeholders. Materials and Methods: This paper reports the findings of the expressed needs of the assistive technology sector as experienced by the AT advisors and suppliers. A sequential mixed methods design supported completion of a quantitative online survey (n = 29) followed by qualitative exploration with assistive technology advisors (n = 9) and suppliers (n = 6). Results There was an identified need to address the processes that led to delays or unfavourable outcomes for AT. Despite reporting confidence in the quality of services delivered, the advisors were worried about reduced access to expert consultation and a need to better build capacity and capability in the sector. Access to AT for hire or trial was problematic with conflicting tensions identified by the advisors and suppliers. However, both worried about the impact on the agency of the AT recipient in the process. Conclusions There are opportunities to enhance the personnel, provision, and policy aspects of the assistive technology ecosystem in Queensland. Pressure points are: workforce capacity and capability to meet the growing need; finding ways to support the trial of assistive technology required to ensure appropriate recommendations for assistive technology that is fit for purpose; and improving information from the bodies that manage funding to reduce the waste in the provision process.Full Tex

Unfolding the Potential of Pyrrole- and Indole-Based Allylidene Hydrazine Carboximidamides as Antimicrobial Agents

Antimicrobial drug resistance is a significant global health challenge, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths annually and severely impacting healthcare systems worldwide. Several reported antimicrobial compounds have a guanidine motif, as the positive charge on guanidine promotes cell lysis. Therefore, pyrrole- and indole-based allylidene hydrazine carboximidamide derivatives with guanidine motifs are proposed as antimicrobial agents that mimic cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs). A total of 72 derivatives having pyrrol-2-yl-phenyl allylidene hydrazine carboximidamide and indol-3-yl-phenyl allylidene hydrazine carboximidamide scaffolds were assessed for their inhibitory potential against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Analogs 1j, 1k, 1s, 2j, 2q, 4a, 4c, 4h, 5b, 6a, and 6d exhibited potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity better than the standard antibiotics. Also, these compounds showed no cytotoxicity up to 3-fold of the minimum inhibitory concentration, and structure–activity relationship was established. Further, the most active compound, 6a, showed a strong biofilm disruption, acted on the bacterial membrane, and lysed it. The further development of these compounds as novel antimicrobial agents is warranted.No Full Tex

Classroom data science: data and dataing for making sense of multivariate plant growth

What is considered data and how it is communicated publicly is rapidly changing. Participation in society involves multiple opportunities to engage with complex statistical concepts in media, in personal health, and regarding climate change. Children also are engaging with evolving data types in social media interactions and in educational contexts where they are the data. Yet little time is spent in classrooms supporting children to explore and make their own data decisions about various data types. This study investigates the role that fourth graders’ use of graphing conventions played in supporting their conceptual development of: non-traditional data and dataing during one lesson. The author hopes to contribute a new perspective in conceptualising dataing as enculturating statistical practices around data that involves multiple features, to communicate key information, involving tools for engaging with statistics to communicate a story. In this case study, a video clip presented an entrance point in exploring multivariate data (multiple variables). Video observation and student graphs revealed insights into children’s data and dataing experiences and processes involved with multivariate data, supported by a classroom culture that valued statistical processes as a creative and meaningful, story-telling endeavour. When students were tasked with representing plant growth using a graph, displays included a wide range of variables such as patterns of leaf growth and qualitative stages of plant growth. Engaging with multivariate data in exploratory ways supported students in this study to play with graphing conventions, establishing local mathematical practices involving non-traditional data.Full Tex

Repairing Australia's inland river and groundwater systems: Nine priority actions, benefits and the finance gap

Inland river and groundwater systems in Australia, as elsewhere, have been heavily overexploited, modified and degraded and are subject to increasing pressures from anthropogenic activities and climate change. Here, we propose the following nine priority actions to repair these critical parts of our landscape not currently being implemented or not at a sufficient scale: (1) riparian revegetation, (2) incentivisation to retire riparian farmland, (3) water recovery to achieve sustainable levels of take in the Murray–Darling Basin, (4) restoration of riverine connectivity through constraints management, (5) removal or modification of fish barriers, (6) installation of cold-water pollution device on priority large dams, (7) installation of fish diversion screens on all irrigation pumps, (8) capping of open bores and conversion of open bore-drains remaining in the Great Artesian Basin and (9) restoration of groundwater extraction in the Murray–Darling Basin to a sustainable level of take. We estimate the scale and costs associated with each priority action and synthesise evidence demonstrating benefits. We discuss the importance of enabling and supporting regional communities, especially Indigenous nations, to implement these actions. To implement the priority actions outlined here at the scale indicated, our estimates suggest approximate annual investment from 2025 to 2054 of A$3.1 billion (2022 dollar values). Riparian revegetation across 14.4 × 106 ha could sequester 1.6 × 109 tonnes of CO2, offsetting ~37$0.9 billion and A$2.0 billion (2022 dollar values).Full Tex

Large-Scale Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of a Glycophorin A Tetrasaccharide Motif and Its Analogues

A large-scale chemoenzymatic methodology has been developed to prepare a natural and substituted analogues of the Glycophorin A tetrasaccharide, in which the α-2,3-sialic acid is modified at either C5 or C9 either as F, OMe, CH3, glycolyl or N3. The strategy involved a chemical synthesis of a Gal-β-1,3-GalNAc disaccharide in which the galactose remains acetylated to first enable selective α-2,6-sialylation using a one-pot aldolase-NmCSS-Pd2,6-ST enzyme system. Finally, C5 or C9 modifed α-2,3 sialosides were placed at the galactoside moiety using C2 or C6 modified MaNAc derivatives catalyzed by aldolase NmCSS-Pd2,3-ST enzyme combination. The synthesised molecules can be useful in binding studies with a protein of interest or as an entry point to establish a library of analytical samples for mass-spectrometric studies.Full Tex

The impact of child and adolescent health on adult respiratory health: the evidence, gaps and priorities

Chronic respiratory diseases impart a huge global disease burden. Many cases of adult chronic respiratory disorders are recognised to originate early in life during critical phases of lung growth and development. We therefore reviewed the longitudinal evolution of common childhood respiratory diseases across the lifespan. We included studies relating childhood respiratory health (preterm birth, asthma, low lung function or bronchiectasis) to respiratory health in adolescents and adults, including COPD.The negative impact of preterm birth (with or without bronchopulmonary dysplasia) on future respiratory health has now been quantified, with many having increasing deviation of lung function from the norm over their life course. While previous studies report children with asthma frequently "outgrow their disease" by adolescence or early adulthood, recent data describe asthma trajectories that include relapse, early-onset adult-remitting, and early-onset persistent childhood asthma. Evidence is emerging in adults of the negative impact of chronic productive cough, breathlessness and lower lung function on future respiratory and cardiovascular health and all-cause mortality. In addition, we found that in general, childhood respiratory health and adverse lung function trajectories are inextricably linked to adult respiratory health and cardiovascular events, as well as cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Thus, we highlight the importance of pulmonary assessments in high-risk groups during childhood (e.g. preterm birth, parental smokers, early life hospitalisation for acute lower respiratory infections). Our review emphasises the importance of childhood respiratory health and the need for interventions to reduce or manage disease burden, which require a whole-of-society approach across the life course.Full Tex

The Utility of Body-Worn Cameras as a Training Tool

There is strong potential for BWCs as a training tool. BWC footage can enhance the feedback process by positioning trainees as active learners. Utilising BWC video in training sessions can enhance trainees’ understanding of feedback, clarify areas of improvement, and build confidence in their performance. Ideally, instructors should be present during BWC video reviews to provide context, alleviate discomfort, and focus trainees on constructive reflection and future performance improvements.Full Tex

Developing a learning tool for advanced life support and resuscitation: Performance Reflection Model for Resuscitation (PRM-Resus)

BACKGROUND: Acquiring proficiency in advanced life support (ALS) can pose challenges for novice learners. Simulation-based training (SBT) is widely used to address this, offering learners opportunities to practise and receive feedback during debriefing. However, existing performance tools often lack the clarity, behavioural specificity, and educational scaffolding required to support deep reflective learning. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the Performance Reflection Model for Resuscitation (PRM-Resus) and to integrate it with the ALS Team Model and structured video exemplars as a comprehensive learning package to enhance ALS training. METHODS: The study involved four phases. Phase 1 created the ALS Team Model to clarify individual roles. Phase 2 focused on co-designing PRM-Resus, using team expertise and the Team Model to create behaviourally anchored performance descriptors. In Phase 3, video scenarios were produced to represent ALS team performance at varying proficiency levels. Phase 4 evaluated the PRM-Resus through expert think-aloud studies. Qualitative content analysis was used alongside Cronbach's alpha to assess internal consistency and its use for SBT. RESULTS: The PRM-Resus comprises four domains-clinical skills, clinical knowledge, team management, and leadership-each defined by behavioural descriptors across three performance levels. The participating experts endorsed the tool's clarity, structure, and educational value for novice learners. Internal consistency was high (α > 0.95). When used alongside the ALS Team Model and video exemplars, PRM-Resus facilitated deeper performance analysis, which had potential for enhancing post-simulation reflection and supporting faculty development. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a novel, interdisciplinary framework that integrates PRM-Resus, the ALS Team Model, and video exemplars to support reflective learning in ALS simulation. Together, these tools help novice learners build a concrete understanding of effective team performance and enable educators to deliver more structured feedback. Further research should explore its impact on learner development and potential translation into improved clinical outcomes.Full Tex

Digital activism and transnational movements: Climate change protest in the digital age

Political and social movements that support action on climate change have become some of the largest, and most internationally relevant activist organisations in the world. As each Conference of the Parties (COP) meeting occurs and dominates the news agenda, and as each Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report is released, publics around the globe receive ongoing and dire warnings about the parlous state of the world’s natural ecosystems and its broader impacts. While major international attention for these issues was first attracted by Rachel Carson’s 1962 work, Silent Spring, and by subsequent high-profile “tree sits” through the late 1960s and 1970s (Hansen, 1993, 2010; DeLuca et al., 2011), there is little doubt that the onset of digital media technologies has changed the way most social movements recruit, communicate, and organise. This chapter considers the shape and priorities of climate change protest in the digital era, marked by the “complex information flows” of a converged media environment (Anderson, 2009, 2014). There is significant literature that has cautioned against technological utopianism (for example, Bennett, 2003; Habermas, 2006; Lister et al., 2009; Wolfsfeld et al., 2013); and that has reminded activists of the importance of offline, traditional forms of organising. However, there is also growing evidence that digital and social media have now developed to the point that many activist social movements have adapted their “repertoire of actions” (Martinez Sainz and Hanna, 2025: 117) to maximise the potential of these accessible, low-cost digital tools. These tools facilitate communication with and organisation of hundreds of thousands of people at once, in ways legacy media and traditional forms of organising could never do. What is clear is that transnational protest movements – for climate crisis, anti-austerity, anti-global inequality, and worldwide Indigenous rights – have adapted in complex and sophisticated ways to these new tools. While protest movements have historically attempted to meet media priorities and agendas in order to maximise their message reach, they are now mediating themselves in ways that see them morph into hybrid online and offline forms to achieve their goals (see, for example, Hestres, 2014; Karpf, 2016; Mattoni, 2017; Couldry et al., 2018; Sorce and Dumitrica, 2022).No Full Tex