From Obedience to Execution: Structural Legitimacy in the Age of Reasoning Models

This article formulates a structural transition from Large Language Models (LLMs) to Language Reasoning Models (LRMs), redefining authority in artificial systems. While LLMs operated under syntactic authority without execution, producing fluent but functionally passive outputs, LRMs establish functional authority without agency. These models do not intend, interpret, or know. They instantiate procedural trajectories that resolve internally, without reference, meaning, or epistemic grounding. This marks the onset of a post-representational regime, where outputs are structurally valid not because they correspond to reality, but because they complete operations encoded in the architecture. Neutrality, previously a statistical illusion tied to training data, becomes a structural simulation of rationality, governed by constraint, not intention. The model does not speak. It acts. It does not signify. It computes. Authority no longer obeys form, it executes function

Exploring the Socio-Economic impacts of various extension services on Public Infrastructures: A Qualitative Assessment

This study assesses the socio-economic impact of the extension projects conducted by the Civil Engineering Department as part of the "Integrated Engineering Services for Sustainable Agro-Industrial and Infrastructure Development" program from 2016 to 2020. Using a qualitative, multiple-case design, the research focused on facility assessments at two public schools, the construction of a vermicompost facility, and a rainwater harvesting system at a public gymnasium. Key findings demonstrate that the department's technical assistance led to measurable improvements in school infrastructure and safety, resulting in tangible cost savings for the beneficiaries. The findings were used to guide school development plans and secure project funding from the Department of Education. While the rainwater harvesting facility proved beneficial for daily operations, a critical gap in capacity and power resilience was identified for use during large-scale calamities. This study validates the strategic value of targeted university extension services and provides a model for future program enhancement and policy-making

A Novel Analytical Framework for Investigating Mittag—Leffler Stability in Fractional Order Reaction—Diffusion Systems

In this paper, we develop a novel analytical framework to investigate the Mittag-Leffler stability (MLS) of fractional order reaction—diffusion systems (FO-RDs). By employing fractional calculus and Lyapunov function (LF) techniques, we derive sufficient conditions that guarantee the system’s equilibrium point (EP) is reached within a settling time (ST). Our approach provides explicit estimates for the ST, linking the fractional dynamics to practical stability criteria. The theoretical results are rigorously validated through numerical simulations on a glycolysis RD model, which demonstrates rapid convergence of the state trajectories to the unique equilibrium. These findings not only deepen the understanding of the transient behavior in FO-RDs but also pave the way for applications in biomedical engineering, chemical reactor design, and environmental management, where swift stabilization is essential.OPEN ACCESS Received: 30/03/2025 Accepted: 17/06/2025 Published: 22/09/202

Endovascular Therapy Versus Surgical Clipping for Intracranial Aneurysms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Intracranial aneurysms are a leading cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), associated with high morbidity and mortality. Traditionally, microsurgical clipping was the gold standard, but endovascular coiling has emerged as a less invasive alternative. This review synthesizes current evidence comparing endovascular and surgical approaches. A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies published between 2000 and 2025. Outcomes assessed were mortality, functional independence, perioperative complications, recurrence, and retreatment rates. Twenty-seven studies encompassing 18,560 patients were analyzed. Endovascular therapy demonstrated reduced short-term mortality and higher rates of functional independence, particularly in elderly patients and those with posterior circulation aneurysms. Conversely, surgical clipping ensured greater long-term durability with fewer retreatments, especially among younger patients. Both techniques carry unique benefits and limitations; thus, treatment should be individualized, taking into account aneurysm morphology, patient age, comorbidities, and surgical risk. Risk of bias assessment was performed using Cochrane RoB2 for RCTs and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies, with most studies showing moderate risk. This review highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary, patient-centered approach, while emphasizing the need for future long-term RCTs and device innovations. In conclusion, endovascular therapy provides superior early safety, while surgical clipping ensures durable occlusion; an evidence-based, personalized strategy remains essential to optimize patient outcomes