Design and Analysis of a Typical Vertical Pressure Vessel using ASME Code and FEA Technique

This study aims to address the hazards associated with the design and manufacture of pressure vessels used for storing dangerous liquids, specifically focusing on the increased demand for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) worldwide. The construction of more LPG facilities necessitates the implementation of safer pressure vessels to mitigate risks such as explosions and leakage. The primary objective of this project is to design a vertical pressure vessel, in accordance with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) code, capable of safely storing 10 m3 of pressurised LPG. To ensure the safety of the pressure vessel, the researchers employed Autodesk Inventor Professional 2023 for geometric modelling and utilised Inventor Nastran for finite element analysis (FEA) to investigate displacements, deflections, and von Mises stresses. The vessel is cylindrical in shape and features two elliptical heads, two nozzles, a manway, and four leg supports. The FEA analysis conducted using Autodesk Inventor Nastran enabled the researchers to identify areas where structural modifications were necessary to reduce stress within the vessel. The results revealed an inverse relationship between the displacement and the tank section shell thickness. Additionally, the factor of safety exhibited a linear increase as the shell thickness increased. The researchers carefully considered permissible pressures and determined the required wall thickness to maintain acceptable maximum stresses. The findings indicate that the design of the pressure vessel is safe from failure. Among the components, the manway experiences the highest stresses, followed by the shell, while the heads, nozzles, and leg supports experience lower stresses. The researchers also conducted theoretical calculations for the entire model and ensured that the results fell within acceptable limits, further validating their design approach. The research emphasised the importance of designing pressure vessels in compliance with ASME codes to ensure safety and prevent hazards associated with improper design and manufacturing. The combination of Autodesk Inventor Professional and Inventor Nastran proved to be an effective approach for simulating and evaluating the performance of the pressure vessel. Through the analysis, the researchers found that changes to the pressure vessel structure were necessary to reduce stress. They observed an inverse relationship between displacement and tank section shell thickness, while the factor of safety increased linearly with shell thickness. Stress distribution analysis revealed that the manway and shell experienced the highest stresses, while the heads, nozzles, and leg support exhibited lower stresses. Employing the finite element method, potential stress points within the pressure vessel were identified, enabling necessary modifications to enhance its safety

Community Sentence Treatment Requirement Multisite Report July 2020 – January 2023

This report presents analysis from the Community Sentence Treatment Requirement Multisite Evaluation, completed by the Institute for Public Safety, Crime and Justice

Numerical approach for flexible body with internal boundary movement

In this paper, a numerical method is proposed for a flexible tether motion that spans two different environments and has large displacement and deformation. When considering the behavior of a tethered system in which the tether cable is subjected to the above conditions, variations of an internal boundary in the tether must be considered. In general, the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF), a nonlinear finite element method, is effective for the dynamic simulation of a flexible body with large displacement and deformation. However, in conventional methods, such as ANCF, the analysis accuracy decreases and the calculation cost increases when the movement of an internal boundary across different environments is considered. In this study, an efficient numerical approach that considers the variations of an internal boundary by using ANCF using variable-domain finite elements is proposed. In addition, to further improve the calculation efficiency, dimensionless variables are introduced using appropriate representative values. The accuracy of the numerical results obtained using the proposed method, which considers an internal variable boundary, is similar to that for a conventional method

Zeolites as Sustainable Alternatives to Traditional Tanning Chemistries

Collagen-based composite materials are extensively studied and used in different fields, including tissue engineering, food applications and leather manufacture. Leather is the largest application of collagen where typical tanning chemistries include metal salts, polyphenolics and aldehydes. A new type of material that is gaining industrial significance is based on a composite of collagen and zeolite in the area of sustainable leather manufacture. This approach utilises simple, abundant, and benign chemistry, which provides leather with the physical properties needed for a range of possible applications. However, the stabilising interactions between collagen and zeolite are not yet known and would benefit from deeper understanding of the interactions and the impact on environmental parameters. The composite material reported here is made by treating animal hide collagen with zeolite using established processing technologies, commonly used in leather tanning processes, without the need for further specialised apparatus. The interaction between collagen and zeolite has been characterised by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and zeta potential. SAXS shows unique changes in the scattering profile revealing zeolite and collagen interactions, which relate to a combination of covalent and electrostatic mechanisms. The zeolite forms a 3D network structure covering collagen fibres, improving protein stability against hydrothermal denaturation and creating material strength. The environmental and industrial impact has been evaluated based on reaction uptake, waste stream assessment and biodegradability. Zeolite tanning shows a positive influence on reaction uptakes, similar to industry best practice, waste water impact and positive biodegradability results. Through the deeper understanding of the van der Waals interactions between collagen and zeolite, and the positive environmental assessment, this work demonstrates the merits of this new stabilisation approach with the possibility of further expansion into other applications

A Rapid Evidence Review of Clinical Risk Factors for Poor Perinatal Mental Health in Women's Prisons in England

Pregnancy and the first year after childbirth are a high-risk period of a woman's life, and research shows that women in prison are at heightened risk for poor mental health, self-harm and suicide. Whilst there has been a recent focus on studies into the health care for women in prison, research looking into the specific risk factors for poor perinatal mental health in women's prisons is sparse, with the majority having been conducted within a U.S. context that will have different provisions available and population need. This rapid evidence review explored academic literature published to identify clinical risk factors of poor perinatal mental health for women in prison in England. Following the initial search, 21 documents were identified which were then thematically analysed resulting in the identification of 72 clinical risk factors. Meta-themes identified included ‘individual’, ‘relationships’, ‘prison context’, ‘provision ’and ‘processes’. The recognition and mitigation of identified clinical risk factors is critical to ensuring quality care for women in prison and reduction of poor perinatal mental health

Improvising Language Capability : The British Army’s Corps of Interpreters, 1914-1915

This article examines the British army’s short-lived Corps of Interpreters on the Western Front during the early stages of the First World War. It begins by establishing a benchmark for the regular army’s French language capability in 1914. It then explores the interpreters’ recruitment process, employment, and the corps’ subsequent dissolution. Further insight into their motivation and suitability is then determined through a prosopographical analysis of their backgrounds and accounts of their employment. Overall, the article provides an important case study of the pitfalls of improvising military language capability during a crisis

The Domestic Compliance System and Compliance Barriers: A UK Child Rights Case Study

An empirical puzzle exists regarding the failure of state parties to comply with international agreements. Offering new empirical insights, this article aims to enhance understanding of non (or weak) compliance with international human rights agreements by state parties. Documentary analysis supplemented with semi-structured interviews is used to explore UK compliance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Through the empirical case study, the results provide valuable insights into the domestic compliance system and compliance barriers within the under researched human rights sector. The results show that multiple barriers impact compliance within the UK and its four nations, to varying degrees. Differences also exist regarding the extent to which specific barriers emerge within the state and domestic compliance systems. Lastly, the findings provide evidence to support a cyclical model of the domestic compliance system, thereby advancing the current, linear understanding

Brief Emotional Eating Scale: A Multinational Study of Factor Structure, Validity, and Invariance

Emotional eating or the tendency to eat in response to emotional states can be assessed using self-report measures. The Emotional Eating Scale-II is a commonly used and reliable instrument that measures the desire to eat in response to a range of unpleasant and pleasant emotions. The current study aimed to corroborate the validity of the EES-II and expand its utility by investigating its dimensionality and testing its measurement invariance in samples from English-speaking and non-English-speaking countries. Convergent and predictive validity in respect of food craving, eating, and health indicators were also examined. This cross-national study included a total of 2485 adult participants recruited from Finland, North America, Philippines, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Spain, and South Korea, who completed the EES-II in six different languages. Factor analyses supported a four-factor structure including valence (pleasant, unpleasant) and activation (high, low) for a 12-item English version and slightly modified non-English adaptations. The model exhibited good fit in all samples, and convergent validity was demonstrated. Full invariance of factor loadings and partial invariance of factor loading, intercepts, and error variances was established across samples. Structural equation models revealed that high activation (pleasant and unpleasant) states predicted food cravings and reported eating. Overall findings across multiple samples and countries supported the factorial structure, reliability, invariance, and validity of the resulting Brief Emotional Eating Scale (BEES)

Delapré Walk Project: Are signposted walking routes an effective intervention to increase engagement in urban parks? –Natural experimental study

Spatial education interventions in the built environment may increase engagement with urban greenspace. This research was a natural experimental study with mixed-method evaluation and repeated cross-sectional design. Twenty-four directional wayfinding signs were installed within an urban park to create a 3 km signposted walking route through the park's amenities in a clockwise direction. Manual counts on one path and bi-directional automated active infrared counts on six paths along the intervention route were conducted at baseline and 12-month follow-up. A QR code accessed intercept survey was open throughout the follow-up phase to capture user experiences, views, and attitudes toward the intervention. There was no consistent difference in manual counts at baseline or 12-month follow-up between intervention and control parks. Automated counts showed no consistent significant change in clockwise footfall between baseline (median automated count range across six counters: 10–130 clockwise counts per day) and follow-up (Autumn to Winter follow-up median automated count range across six counters: 13–103 clockwise counts per day; Spring to Summer follow-up median automated count range across six counters: 13–124 clockwise counts per day). However, 23% (11 out of 48 people) of clockwise travelling route users reported they were following the signs at 12-month follow-up. Intercept survey respondents (n = 27) appeared to be infrequent park users (number of respondents for ‘my first visit’: 7, and ‘one to two times per month: 9), with the new signs making them feel less anxious about exploring unfamiliar areas, while motivating them to walk further than originally planned and helping them to ‘take notice’ of the landscape. Directional wayfinding for recreational walking appears to help infrequent users engage with urban greenspace

Luxury Start-Ups

More and more luxury brands are recognizing the innovation of startups and even acquiring them for their technology and for future growth. This is all in an environment where rising affluence and mobile connectivity have created an epic shift towards more varied, complex, individualized, and meaningful forms of luxury consumption. Many entrepreneurs have risen to the challenge with their startups and their enterprises bringing fresh ideas and innovations to market. This chapter focuses on the issues that face entrepreneurs serving the luxury sector. In each section we have started by briefly outlining some theoretical constructs before we provide you with examples of the application of theory through various case studies